I89I. 



POPULAR GARDENING. 



157 



nor sulphate ot copper can be safely used upon 

 the Collage of our fruit trees in the required de- 

 gree of concentration to destroj- the above-men- 

 tioned foes, without injury to the foliage. 



I am conlident that the reason why the use of 

 Paris green has been so unsuccessful in many 

 cases for the destruction of insect life is from 

 the fact that we have been unable to use it in a 

 form concentrating enough to reach all parts of 

 the plant without injury. This will also apply 

 in a measure to the fungicides. 



For the purpose of destroying both insects 

 and fungous pests, we must make an applica- 

 tion of simple solution ot sulphate of copper, 

 called by the French cau cckfte, to the twigs 

 and branches before the leaves appear, to de- 

 stroy any germs of the scab that may be lodged 

 in the crevices of the bark; then as soon as the 

 leaves have unfolded, the lime and Paris mix- 

 tures must be applied for the tent caterpillar 

 and the canker worm. Then as soon as the 

 petals have fallen a second application should be 

 made for the codling moth and plum curculio. 



This application must be repeated at the 

 proper intervals of from one week to twenty 

 days, according to the weather, until July 1. 

 After this, the Paris green not being needed, 

 the ammoniacal carbonate of copper may be 

 used. The latter application is to be preferred, 

 from the fact that it does not disfigure the fruit, 

 while the Bordeaux mixture if used late in the 

 season adheres to the fruit in such a manner 

 as to injure its sale unless washed. 



No substance has been found that can be used 

 in this way, and at the same time, as the above 

 fungicides and insecticides, for to the Apple 

 maggot, a little insect that is doing in many local- 

 ities and upon some varieties, more injury than 

 the codling moth. The destruction of the fruit 

 before the maggot escapes is the only remedy 

 yet suggested that promises to be of any value. 



The Pear. The insects attacking the Pear that 

 can be destroyed by arsenites are the codling 

 moth and the Plum curculio. The fungi that 

 can be killed by copper solutions are the Pear 

 leaf blight and the Pear scab or fusi-eladium. 



The Pear leaf blight is another minute para- 

 site plant somewhat like the Apple scab, but 

 perhaps working deeper into the tissues 

 of the leaf, causing all the leaves often 

 to drop from the tree, and which also causes the 

 scab and cracking of the fruit so common on the 

 Flemish Beauty, White Doyenne and some other. 



For the insects Paris green is effectual and the 

 Itordeaux mixture has proved as eflficient as for 

 the Apple scab. While the " Are blight, " so 

 called, is not of such a nature as to be affected 

 by the outward applications of fungicides after it 

 has attacked the tree, we believe that this mix- 

 ture will destroy any germs that may come in 

 contact with it, and that by attention to the 

 proper condition of the soil, manuring and culti- 

 vating, we may very largely overcome this most 

 destructive disease. 



The Pltim. The plum curculio and the blaqk 

 wart, also the rotting of the fruit, have been 

 found to succumb to the Bordeaux mixture and 

 Paris green. 



The only trees on the college grounds upon 

 which the fruit was not stung by the curculio 

 or that did not rot as soon as it approached ma- 

 turity were those treated with the above com- 

 binations, and as other stations report similar 

 favorable results, we feel warranted in urging 

 its general use. The sulphate of copper solu- 

 tion should be applied to the branches to destroy 

 any germs or spores of the leaf blight or Plum 

 wart, that may be present before the leaves un- 

 fold. After this, from the time the blossoms 

 fall until July 1, the combined mixture should 

 be used. After this time, either the Bordeaux 

 mixture or the ammoniacal carbonate of cop- 

 per may be used. The latter will probably be 

 more satisfactory as not disfiguring the fruit. 



The Plum wart we feel sure was largely pre- 

 vented from developing by this treatment, but 

 the few that may secure a hold on the branches 

 may be destroyed by the kerosene paste. 



The Qrape. In the College Vineyard the past 

 season the benefits derived from the use of the 

 Bordeaux mixture, and we have similar reports 

 from othei'S whenever used, were such that 

 there seems to be no doubt that this is a reliable 

 remedy for about all ot the fungous diseases of 

 the vine. The great objection to it is the adhe- 

 sion of the material to the fruit if appUed late In 

 the season; but after the work of the rose bug 

 has ceased, 1 see no reason why the ammonia- 

 cal carbonate of copper may not be used with 

 equal effect. 



In our experience the destruction of the rose 

 bug by the use of Paris green was not fnlli/ dem- 

 onstrated, but from reports received from other 

 quarters and the light we did gain from our 

 work wc feel sure that b.v the concentrated form 

 in which it has been pro\'ed it can be applied 

 with the Hiirdeaux mixture, it must succumb to 

 his treatment. 



The sulphate of copper solution was applied to 

 the vines before the leaves unfolded, and the 

 Bordeaux mixture at intervals of from one to 

 three weeks up to July i.'8. Paris green was used 

 only up to July 1, or about four weeks from the 

 time the rose bug began to appear. 



Practical Points in Fruit and Forest 

 Growing. 



{Pickings from the recent iitectintf of the Iowa Horti^ 

 culturists.) 



A large attendance ami increased enthu- 

 siasm characterized the sessions of the 

 Iowa .State Horticultural Society, as it 

 marked those of almost every Horticultural 

 Society this year. 



Best Fluma and Cherries, H. A. Ferry of the 

 western part of the State, in a paper on best 

 Plums and Cherries tor the farmers' orchard, 

 stated that the Plums of the European species 

 have not succeeded in his locality. His main 

 success has been with the native varieties, 

 named in the following list for general planting, 

 in the order of ripening: Milton, Wild Goose, 

 Forest Oarden, De Soto, llollingstone. Wolf, 

 Hawkeye, Forest Rose, Maciuoketa and More- 

 man. Some of the new Itussian and Japan 

 varieties are very promising, as they seem to be 

 much hardier in tree and fruitbud than any of 

 the older varieties in the European class. Be- 

 sides the above list, there are many other native 

 Plums, less widely tested, which are promising. 



Among Cherries, the Early Richmond, Dye- 

 house and English Morello are the hardiest of 

 the old varieties but are short-lived, re^iuiring 

 replanting every few years to furnish a con- 

 stant supply of fruit. Some of the Russian 

 varieties from the Iowa Agricultural College are 

 very promising. Wragg is a strong grower, 

 productive and excellent for canning. 



Forestry, M. E. Hinkley, of Marcus, stated 

 that trees are noticeably most vigorous on the 

 low lands. Box Elder, Soft Maple and Cotton- 

 wood are the popular varieties, but there should 

 be more Black Walnut, Larch and White Ash 

 planted. The Catalpa is a failure as a timber 

 tree in northern Iowa. 



Orapes, New and Old. Hon. Wilson thinks it 

 noticeable that introducers of the many new 

 Grapes brought to public notice in the past few 

 years, refer to Concord as the standard by which 

 thej' wish them to be measured . Many valuable 

 varieties are seedlings of Concord. Named in 

 the order of their value, as tested by Mr. Wilson, 

 they are: Worden, Moore's Early, Lady, Pock- 

 lington. Cottage, Martha, Hayes, Woodruff's 

 Red, and Moore's Diamond. 



Very promising new Grapes are Esther, Color- 

 ain, Rockwood and Eaton. Of ti5 varieties of 

 Grapes fruited last season, Mr. Wilson names 

 the si.x best as follows: White, Moore's Diamond, 

 Pocklington, Lady; black, Worden, Moore's 

 Early, Cottage. Take these six varieties, all 

 Concord seedlings, and the Concord itself, out of 

 the list of good Grapes for Iowa, and what have 

 you left/ Empire State and Niagara have not 

 met his expectations as Grapes of value for 

 market purposes. 



Forestry for the Notthwest- C. F. Gardner 

 said the sod must first be turned and completely 

 rotted and the soil mellowed by thorough culti- 

 vation before trees are planted. For a wind- 

 break, plant 18-inch transplanted Evergreens. 

 The best, in order of merit, are: White Pine, 

 Norway Spruce, Scotch Pine, Red Cedar and 

 Arbor Vitie. Nursery-grown Evergreens are 

 much better than trees from the forest, which 

 require at least two season's growth in the 

 nursery before they are fit for planting in per- 

 manent plantation. 



.Seed of such trees as Ash, Elm, Oak, Black 

 Wild Cherry, Black Walnut, Butternut, Box 

 Elder and Hickory should, if possible, be planted 

 right where the trees are to remain. Leave 

 space ot at least 24 feet between the wind-break 

 and timber plantation to allow piling up of 

 snowdrifts. 



Prof. J. L. Budd, in a paper on the subject, 

 stated that European experience favors growing 

 stonefruits on their own roots, especially from 

 root cuttings. Successful experiments in this 

 line have recently been carried out at Ames. 



Sun-scald and gumming of the stem can be 

 prevented in a large measure by growing the 

 trees in bush form with very low stems. Would 

 prefer a stem not more than one foot in height. 

 One year old trees of all the stone fruits are best 

 for planting in orchard. Regular bearing is 

 promoted by mixed planting of several varieties, 

 insuring better pollenization of blossoms. 



Election of Officers. This resulted as follows: 

 President, Eugene Secor, Forest City, la.; Secre- 

 tary, G. B. Bracket, Denmark; Treasurer, Henry 

 Strohm, Iowa City. 



New Fruits. 



(Extract of paper by C. A. Green read before the 

 Western New York Horticultural Society,) 



New fruits are not unmixed blessings, as 

 the inexperienced may plant too largely, or 

 be too far carried away by the enthusiasm 

 ot the originator and expect too much of a 

 new candidate. 



They also are not an unmixed evil, as we 

 must have new fruits, the old ones running out 

 apparently— at least they lose vigor and are 

 more liable to disease. Any method which will 

 induce people to buy and plant may be con- 

 sidered legitimate if not fraudulent. 



New fruits are usually over-praised, as a nat- 

 ural consequence of the care which the origina- 

 tor has given them. Out of thousands, one 

 variety may prove valuable, and he becomes 

 enthusiastic, and glows with fervent expression. 

 This must be expected and allowance made. 



New fruits are profitable to the public, as is 

 shown by the Concord Grape, whose value to 

 this country, I believe, has been at least fifty 

 millions of dollars, and will alone counter- 

 balance the greater part of the loss experienced 

 by the buyers of worthless sorts. In most cases, 

 new fruits have not enriched the originators. 



The skill required in originating a new variety 

 by cross fertilization, the patience in waiting 

 tor the fruiting and in nursing for years those 

 that are of no value, is different from the ability 

 required to disseminate the selected variety. 

 It is not just that the man who labors for a life- 

 time, originating new truits, has no protection, 

 being virtually robbed of bis reward. 



The seedlings from our improved sorts are far 

 more likely to give good results than those 

 gathered from the woods, as is shown on nearly 

 every nurseryman's grounds. Several young 

 men have asked what they should do on a farm, 

 and I can advise nothing more promising than 

 fruit-growing, combined with the sale of plants 

 from the various fruits, and especially valuable 

 new ones. 



As we progress with new varieties, there will 

 probably be attempts made to originate seedless 

 sorts, as there is a tendency in all truits, as they 

 improve in quality, to have less seed; many of the 

 best Pears have meaty cores, which may be en- 

 tirely eaten— while coarse-flavored sorts have a 

 viscous, disagreeable core— and are at all times 

 progressing toward better qualities, and this is 

 now coming to be the first consideration as to 

 the value of a new sort. 



Many wild fruits will, within a few years, be 

 planted in gardens, as has been done, even re- 

 cently, with the Juneberry and Tree Cranberry; 

 the Elderberry will soon follow, as the dried fruit 

 is now sold, and fresh berries sell at paying 

 prices, and it really is a valuable fruit. 



Nebraska Horticulturists. 



The annual winter meeting of the Ne- 

 braska State Horticultural Society was held 

 in I.,incoln on January 1.3, 14 and 1.5, 1891, 

 and is considered by all well intormed hor- 

 ticulturists to be the most successful in the 

 Society's history. Not only were the papers 

 and discussions ot a better class than ever 

 before, but the business transacted will tend 

 to make Nebraska better known through- 

 out the United States. 



Are Apples Profitable in Nebraskal R. N. 

 Day stated in his paper that, on account of the 

 ignorance of the planters and the rascality of the 

 agents selling the trees, there are many orchards 

 in this part of the state which are practically 

 worthless; but notwithstanding this serious 

 drawback, there are small orchards of five to 

 ten acres that produce more real profit each 

 year than all the rest of the farm ot 100 acres. 

 His orchard is small, but it brings him in from 

 S400 to 8800 per year. 



Mr. W. Marlatte, of Manhattan, Kansas, said 

 that several years ago his orchard of two and 



