ANATOMY OF THE DOG— 5 





1. Sknll. 2. Besrinning: of ^inal column (neck bone), which continues as part of back- 

 bone to base of tail (near 21). 3. Jaw bones. 4. Backbone or vertebrae (from base of 

 SkuU to end of UU). 



5. Scapula or shoulder blade. 6. Humerus. 7. EHbow. (7Vfe— elbow prominence.) 

 8. Radius. 9. Ulna. 10. Pastern joint (carpus). 11. Metacarpal bones. 12. Front disrit» 

 or toes (phalanges). 



13. Ribs. 14. Floating ribs. 15. Vertebrae discs. 16. Thoncic or chest cayity. 17. 

 Sternum or breast bone. 18. ClaTical or collarbone. 



19. Pelvic structure. 20. Coccygeal or tail bones. 21. Ileum. 22. Sacrum. 23. Femur 

 or thisrh bone. 24. Hip joint. 25. Stifle joint. 26. Knee cap or patella. 27. Tibia. 

 28. Fibula. 29. Hock joint or tarsus (really corresponds to human ankle). 30. Meta- 

 tarsal bones. 31. Rear digits (toes, phalanges). 



NOTES ON SKELETAL FRAMEWORK 



There are always 7 joints or portions 

 to the neckbone in mammals — from the 

 mouse up to the largest mammal, the ele- 

 plant. 



There are five main ball-and-socket 

 joints, the rounded end of one bone fitting 

 into the cuplike or concave end of the 

 other— two in the rear: the hip joint (No. 

 24 in the illustration), stifle joint (25) ; 

 two in the front: scapula fitting into the 

 humerus, and the humerus at the elbow 

 fitting into the radius and ulna; the skull 

 fits into the first bone of the neck (begin- 

 ning of spinal column). 



The rib structure is intriguing. The 

 top ridge suggests the points of barbed 

 wire. The first and smallest pair of ribs 

 is located at the collar bone, between the 

 scapula-humerus socket. 7 pairs join into 

 the sternum or breastbone, the others run 

 into a group of their own along the base 



line except that the 13th or last pair has 

 free ends. 



Whereas the scapula or shoulder blade 

 is largely concave, on the side attached 

 to the ribs and backbone, the hip joint 

 turns its concave -side outward to connect 

 with the femur or thigh bone ; consequently 

 dislocation of the hip joint is rather 

 common. 



The occipital ridge begins in the mid- 

 dle of the skull jiist back of the eyes and 

 continues in a straight line to the rear 

 top edge of the skull casing. 



The fibula or rear bone of the pair in the 

 middle section of the rear (termed lower 

 or second thigh) is extremely light and 

 small by comparison ; the rear bone of the 

 front middle or ulna is larger in propor- 

 tion. 



Also the two bones of the middle front 

 (sometimes termed lower forearm) are 

 not usually straight, the ulna or rear bone 

 twisting a bit, which twisting often is the 

 cause of a "crooked front" on a dog. 



