11— ANATOMY OF THE DOG 



As the dog swallows, the esophagus has a 

 wave-like movement toward the stomach. In 

 vomiting:, the movement takes place in the 

 opposite direction. 



"Rnbber" Stomach 



We come now to the central and most im- 

 portant member of the disrestive system, the 

 stomach. It is larsre compared to other inter- 

 nal orsrans and yet small in consideration of 

 the work it performs. 



The stomach might seemingly be made of 

 rubber as it can stretch considerably, even to 

 the extent of holding fully three quarts in 

 a dog of 40 pounds weight. But this very elas- 

 ticity deludes both humans and dogs into be- 

 lieving they can load the stomach with any 

 excess amount of food. 



The dog has a sensitive stomach ; he 

 nauseates quickly and vomits readily. 

 Liver and Stomach Neighbors 



The stomach has the shape of a curved sack 

 and lies immediately behind the diaphragm 

 and liver, which is somewhat to the left side. 

 Inside Wall of Stomach is Rough 



The lining of the stomach is studded with 

 glands ; its surface is rough and corded. An 

 inflamed condition of this lining brings on 

 gastritis. 



The glands secrete pepsine and acid ; and 

 the two together constitute the gastric juice, 

 which breaks down the proteid constitutents 

 of food into more soluble peptones. 



Many Twinings and Chnmings 



The stomach turns and revolutes upon it- 

 self until the food is in a semi-fluid form 

 called chyme. Then it passes thru the py- 

 lorus into the small intestine. 



Spleen Attached to Stomach 



The spleen is found on the outside left of 

 tiie stomach. 



On the right side are located the right lobe 

 of the liver and the intestines. The exit to 

 the stomach is the pylorus. 



Three Sections of Small Intestine 



The small intestine has an average length 

 of about thirteen feet (about five times the 

 length of the body) and is divided into three 

 parts — duodenum, jejunum and ileum. 



The intestines hang from the backbone sup- 

 ported by a thin transparent membrane filled 

 with many small blood vessels. 



Necessity for "Healthful" Intestine 



The intestines themselves are lined with 

 mucous and other secretory glands. The in- 

 flammation of the membrane and glands 

 causes many ills of the dog such as diarrhea 

 and intestinal catarrh. Most parasites are 

 harbored in the small intestine of the dog. 

 Three Sections Large Intestine 



The large intestine, much shorter than the 

 small intestine, is about two feet in lengtii 

 and is composed of caecum, colon and rec- 

 tum. 



No Peristalic or Wave Motion 



Whereas the small intestine has both longi- 

 tudinal and crosswise bands of construction 

 in order to give the wavelike contraction, there 

 is no such construction in the large intestine. 

 The Dog's Appendix 



The caecum is about three to five inches 

 long and is found in the region of the right 

 flank. It is twisted in the form of a spiral 

 and corresponds to the appendix in the hu- 

 man. It opens from the small intestine thru 

 the ileocaecal valve. Here the whip worm 



and other parasites often lodge, beyond di> 

 rect contact with most medicines. 

 The Windinr Colon 



The second part of the large intestine, which 

 also is called the bowel, is the colon ; this is 

 attached to the backbone just back of the 

 kidneys. It winds about, touching the stom- 

 ach on the right, then backward to the left 

 kidney. 



End of Alimentary Canal 



The third part of the large intestine is the 

 rectum ; this ends with the anus or external 

 opening thru which the contents of the bowel 

 are discharged. It is several inches in 

 length. 



Infection of Anal Glands 



Where the rectum reaches the anus, the anal 

 glands are located. Each one of these is a 

 sac about the size of a pea and often times 

 filled with dirty gray fatty substance of un- 

 pleasant odor. These often become inflamed, 

 swell shut and cause a swelling so that de- 

 fecation or emptying of the bowel is diffi- 

 cult or impossible. The dog may slide on 

 its haunches. These glands should be 

 squeezed about every three months. Con- 

 stant constipation tends also to cause the 

 condition. 



Liver is Largest Organ 



The liver is the largest organ of the body, 

 solid and weighing about 5% of the weight of 

 the body. It is divided into six or seven lobes 

 by fissures and fastened to the diaphragm, 

 the separating membrane between the chest 

 above and the abdomen below. It is also at- 

 tached to the stomach and abdominal walls 

 by ligaments. 



The second chief purpose (filtering or 

 straining the blood being the other) is to se- 

 crete bile and sugar. 



Origin and Uses of Bile 



The bile in turn is poured into the gall 

 bladder, which is enveloped within the folds 

 of liver. The bile is emptied from it into the 

 duodenum or the first part of the small in- 

 testine during the process of digestion and for 

 the purpose of emulsifying fat (rendering it 

 liquid). The bile also serves as an antiseptic 

 to oppose putrefaction (decay) of semi- 

 digested food. It is indeed an important fac- 

 tor in digestive health. 



The svigar that the liver furnishes is also 

 very necessary in the blood ; improper func- 

 tioning causes diabetes. 



The liver has a large supply of blood ; if it 

 is ruptured in an accident, internal bleeding 

 ensues and usually is fatal. 



The "Sweet Breads" 



The pancreas (sweet breads) is a V-shaped 

 organ gland of two long narrow branches ; 

 these meet in a sharp angle just above the 

 exit or pylorus of the stomach. One duct 

 unites with the bile duct and the other en- 

 ters the intestine at the duodenum just a 

 little further back. 



Importance of 3 Pancreatic Juices 



The pancreatic juices are the most impor- 

 tant in the digestive process, even more im- 

 portant than the gastric juice. The pancreatic 

 juices contain three ferments — amylopsin, 

 trypsin and lipase. The first converts starch 

 into sugar; the second converts proteids into 

 soluble peptones but in a different and fur- 

 ther way than does the gastric juice; the 



