1870 



HUMAN ANATOMY. 



or ureter which also emerges at the hilum. The interspaces between these structures 

 are filial' with loose areolar tissue, in which lie accumulations of fat continuous with 



* 



oo lie behind the peritoneum, embedded within 



peritoneal tissue, so placed against the side of the vertebral column and the 

 abdominal wall that 'they occupy an oblique plane, their anterior surfaces booking 

 forward and outward. The long axes of the organs are not parallel, but oblique to 

 the spine, in consequence of which disposition the upper ends of the two organs an 

 closer (8 5 cm. ) than the lower extremities ( 1 1 cm. ), the planes of the inner margins 



Hepatic veins 



FIG. 1591. 



Right suprar 

 body 



Vena 



Right renal vein 



Coeliac axis 



Superior tnesenteric artery 

 Left suprarenal 

 body- 



Left renal vein 



External il 



;lll.'I\ 



Vas deferen* JI 

 Spermatic cord 



-Left kidney 

 -Left renal artery 



Inferior mesen- 



teric artery 

 Left ureter 



Quadratus 



lumborum 

 Left spermatic 



artery 

 Common iliac 



artery' 

 .Common iliac 



vein 



Psoas magnus 



Left ureter, 

 jirlvii- portion 



_Rectum (cut) 



1 Yns deferens 

 .liladder 



DJMeclion of abdomen, showing kidneys in position and course and volutions of ureters. 



lx in- anterior to tho^-of the external. The greater part of both kidneys lies within 

 tin- epig.iMiie region, but their outer margins n-arh within the hypochondriac areas 

 and thi-ir Inu.-r ends ordinarily encmach to a limited and variable extent upon the 

 umbilical and lumbar re-ions. The intersection of the plane of the transverse infra- 



1 line and that of the vertical 1'oupart line usually passes through the lower pole 

 ol the kiln v. falling, as a rule, someuhat higher in the right than in the left organ. 



Approximately the kidm-vs maybe said to lie opposite the last thoracic and the 

 upper two lumbar \<rt. !!.;, reaching to within from 2.5-3.5 cm. (i-i l /4 in.) of the 

 highest part of the ilia, -crest. The exact level of the kidneys, however, is subject 



