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APPENDIX 



be made by a group of students on a single subject. Let the latt 

 strip the upper part of the body to the undershirt. With the 

 subject sitting erect on a stool observe the chest and abdom< 

 closely during quiet breathing. 



Note the general direction of movement of the body walls dui 

 ing inspiration, and during expiration. 



Observe the movements of chest and abdomen during fon 

 inspiration and expiration. 



Abdominal movements are caused by contraction and rel 

 tion of the diaphragm. Explain the relationship. 



Costal and Diaphragmatic Breathing. Whereas in normal 11 

 voluntary breathing the diaphragm and the chest muscles are ii 

 action simultaneously, it is possible in voluntary breathing move 

 ments to use one or the other at will. Compare abdominal move 

 ments in normal breathing and in breathing with the chest hele 

 stationary (diaphragmatic breathing). Compare chest 

 ments in normal breathing and in breathing with abdomen helc 

 stationary (costal breathing). 



Volumes of Respired Air. These are: 



1. Volume passing in and out in quiet breathing tidal air. 



2. Volume that can be breathed in after a normal inspi] 



tion complemental air. 



3. Volume that can be breathed out after a normal expirati< 



supplemental air. 



4. Sum of above: volume that can be breathed out aft 



forced inspiration vital capacity. 



Determine the supplemental air by blowing into a spiromel 

 after normal expiration. Determine tidal air by blowing into tl 

 spirometer after normal inspiration and subtracting previously 

 determined supplemental air. Make several trials. Determine 

 vital capacity by blowing into spirometer after forced ii 

 spiration. 



Determine complemental air by subtracting combined supple 

 mental and tidal air from above. 



Graphic Record of Breathing. For recording breathing an aj 

 paratus known as a pneumograph is fastened around the chest 

 that its volume will be changed by breathing movements. It 

 connected with a recording tambour which indicates on a kyme 

 graph the movements of breathing. 



