THE FRUITS OF GYMNOSPERMS. 441 



is an aril. In Podocarpus, also, is developed a peculiar structure of tlie same 

 kind. 



In Cyxjads the seeda are borne upon carpels arranged in cones, and have a 

 woody integument. In some cases they correspond in position to metamorphosed 

 lobes of a carpel (cf. fig. 208 \ p. 74), and have the outer layer of their integument 

 developed as a succulent coat. In the Gnetaceae, the seed at maturity is inclosed 



^^ 



Fi?. 335— Fruit and Seed of Coniferoe. 



* Cone of the Silver Fir {Abies pectinata). 2 Bract scale and ovuliferous scale of the same seen from the outside (the bract 

 scale is pointed). » Ovuliferous scale of same seen from above, showing the two winged seeds, and the bract scale behind. 

 * Longitudinal section of bract and ovuliferous scales, sliowing a seed inserted upon the latter. ' A winged seed of the 

 same. « Longitudinal section of the seed. ' Ovuliferous scale of the Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris) seen from above ; it 

 bears two ovules, s Single ovuliferous scale of Larch {Larix europcea) showing two ovules on its surface and bract scale 

 (with bristle) )ielow it. » Longitudinal section of the ovuliferous scale of the Larch. 1 nat. size ; the otlier figs, enlarged. 



in a fleshy "perianth" in Eiyhedra; in Welwitschia cone-like collective fruits are 

 produced; finally, in Gnetum leaf-structures around the seed unite to form cup- 

 like receptacles for the seeds. 



From the brief observations on the manner of fructification of Gj'-mnosperms, it 

 will be seen that their methods are very various, and that, in all cases, they differ 

 from those of Augiosperms. They agree in the common object of producing a 



