DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS. 



871 



ruminant animals, both wild and tame. In the Transvaal and on the Orancre River 

 the spring-boks sometimes tread upon them unawares, and when that happens tlie 

 sharp claws grasp the hoof and the animal is driven to frenzy by the pain and 

 gallops madly away, but is unable to set itself free from the instrument of torture. 

 It is often several days before the capsule breaks up and falls off. The fruits, which 



» Galium Apaiine. 2 Hooked bristles of the fruit of the same. « Hedysarum Canadense. * A piece of the lumentum of tho 

 same. * Hookeil bristles of Hedysarum Canadense. « Cynoglossxim pictum. 1 Hooked prickles on the fruits of the same. 

 8 Circtjea Lutetiana. » Hooked bristles on the fruit of the same. 10 Torilin Anthriscus. »• Single fruit of TorilU AnOiriteuM. 

 12 Curved prickles on this fruit. 13 Lappayo racemosa. >« Single fruiting spike of tho same, n Setaria verticiltata. 

 16 Fruit-bearing branchlet with involucral bristles from a spike of Setaria verticillata. >' Bideixs bipiiniata. '* Single 

 fruit of the same, i^ Fruit of Caccinia strigosa. 20 Hooked prickles on the fruit of Caccinia utriyuia. ', *, », 1, », >'. », 

 14 16 IS and 20 magnified. 



are armed with hooked bristles or prickles, are so numerous that even a supL-rticial 

 account of them cannot be undertaken here, and we must content ourselves with 

 mentioning a few of the most remarkable forms. Amongst these are the aipsular 

 fruits of Kramei'ia Ixina and Triumfetta Flumieri (see tigs. 478^*^ and 478"), the 

 sheathed achenes of several species of Calligonum, and Rumex, e.g. Rinnex nejixilnufis 

 (fig. 478^), the pods of many Papilionacese (e.g. Medicago agrestis and M. radiata, 

 Onohrgckis cequidentata and Hedysarum Canadense\ see tigs. 478- and 478 **. and 



