976 



INDEX. 



Sorbus aucuparia, bud-scales, i. 626. 



Gymnosporangium gall, ii. 520. 



Soredla. of Lichens, ii. 24, 693, 816. 

 Sori, of Ferns, ii. 11. 

 Sorus, nature of, ii. 10. 

 Sow-thistle. See Mulgedium. 

 Spaces, intercellular, i. 27, 63. 

 Spadiciflorae, floral characters, ii. 740. 

 Spadix, of Arum maculatuin, ii. 742. 

 Spangle-galls on Oak-leaves, ii. 537, 541. 

 Spanish flora, general grayness of, i. 317. 

 Sparganaceae, ii. 745. 

 Sparganium, monoecious, ii. 297. 



— pollination, ii. 136. 



— protogynous, ii. 312. 



Sparmannia Africana, protection of pollen, 



ii. 119. 

 Spartium, insect reception, ii. 228. 



— protective coat of wax, i. 292. 



— stomata, i. 331. 



Spartium junceum, scent, ii. 201. 

 Spartium scoparium and Xylocopa violacea, 

 ii. 267. 



flower and explosive distribution of 



pollen, ii. 266. 



green tissue, relative position, i. 471. 



inflorescence, ii. 267. 



reserve-buds, ii. 31. 



Spathe, application of term, i. 641. 

 Spathegaster baccarum, gaU on male catkins 



of Oak, ii. 526. 

 Spathegaster tricolor, galls on the leaves of 



Turkey Oak, ii. 537. 

 Spathularia flavida, fairy rings, ii. 791. 

 Spawn, of Mushroom, a mycelium, i. 100. 

 Species, essential feature, ii. 581. 



— extinction by Humble-bees, ii. 239. 



— extinction of, ii. 899. 



— fertilization and origin of, i. 594. 



— of flowering plants, number, ii. 604. 



— origin of, ii. 486. 



Specific constancy in offshoots, ii. 494. 



— constitution, of plants, i. 567. 

 Spectrum, absorption, of chlorophyll, i. 372. 

 Specularia, colour of flowers, ii. 183. 



— opening and closing, ii. 116. 

 Specularia speculum, protection of poUen, 



ii. 128. 

 Spergula arvensis, autogamy, ii. 338. 



weather and autogamy, ii. 391. 



Spermatogenesis, in Ferns, ii. 67. 

 Spermatoplasra, influence on ovary, ii. 551. 



— manifold differentiation, ii. 48. 



— nature of, ii. 46. 

 Spermatozoid, nature of, ii. 48. 



— of Chara fragilis, ii. 660. 



— of Chlorophycese, ii. 628. 



— of Coleochsete, ii. 653. 



— of Dudresnaya, ii. 53. 



— of Fern, escape, ii. 708. 



— of Fucus vesiculosus, ii. 664. 



— of Selaginella, ii. 715. 



— of Volvox aureus, ii. 635. 

 Sphacelariaceie, structure, &c., ii. 661. 

 Sphserella BUtschlii, eye-spot, ii. 631. 

 SpheereUa nivalis, discovery of, i. 38. 

 hsematochrome, ii. 631. 



killing degree of cold, i. 542. 



Sphserella pluvialis, description, ii. 630. 



habitat and food. i. 108. 



sociability of swarm-spores, i. 584. 



swarm-cells and light, i. 383. 



Sphferobolus, spore-dispersal, ii. 825. 

 iphseroplea, life-history, ii. 652. 

 Sphierotheca Oastagnei, fruits, ii. 60. 



on Humulus, ii. 677. 



Sphaerotilus thermalis, and heat, i. 554. 

 Sphagnacese, appearance, i. 219. 



— description, ii. 699. 



— leaves, minute structure i. 219. 



water-absorption, i. 219. 



Sphagnum cymbifolium, sporogonium, ii. 



15. 

 Sphere crystals, i. 457. 

 Spiders, elevation and coloration, ii. 511. 

 Spiderwort. See Tradescantia. 

 Spindle, nuclear, i. 581. 



Spines, arrangement in Cactiform plants, i. 

 446. 



— as "path-finders", ii. 238. 



— proof of protective nature, i. 436. 



— transformed shoots, i. 443. 



— used as needles, i. 434. 

 Spinea, weaving stem, i. 672. 



Spiraea Aruncus, distribution of sexes, U. 300. 



separation-layers, i. 360. 



Spiraea chamaedrifolia, scent, ii. 200. 

 Spirsea crenata, reserve-buds, ii. 33. 

 Spiriea Filipendula, roots, i. 760. 

 Spiraea uliuifolia, scent, ii. 200. 

 Spiral, genetic, i. 398, 403. 



— phyllotaxis, plans, i. 400. 

 Spiranthes, cohering pollen-grains, ii. 97. 

 Spirochiete cholerfe asiaticse, ii. 624. 

 Spirogyra, chlorophyll bodies, cf. i. 139, 373. 



— formation of zygote, ii. 657. 



— occurrence, ii. 654. 

 Spirogyra-filament, structure, ii. 656. 

 Spirogyraceae, ii. 654. 

 Spirophyton, ii. 610. 

 Splachnaceae, true saprophytes, i. 103. 

 Splachnum, apophysis, ii. 702. 



— saprophytic, ii. 704. 



Splachnum ampuUaceum, capsule, ii. 703. 



saprophytic on dung of cattle, i. 103. 



Splachnum luteum, capsule, ii. 703. 

 Sponge, symbiosis with Chlorophycese, ii. 627. 

 Spongy parenchyma, functions, i. 473. 



chlorophyll-granules, i. 374. 



movements of chlorophyll-granules, i, 



381. 

 Spongy tissue, of leaves, chief function, i. 



279. 

 Sporangiole, of 'Chsetocladium, ii. 673. 



— of Thamnidium, ii. 673. 

 Sporangium, nature of, ii. 10. 



— of Ferns, ii. 476. 



— of Marattiaceai, ii. 709. 



— of Mucor, ii. 673. 



— of Myxomycetes, mode of origin, ii. 619. 



— of Ophioglossaceae, ii. 709. 



— of Polypodiaceae, ii. 706. 



— of Psilotum, ii. 715. 



— of Schizaeaceae, ii. 709. 



— of Tmesipteris, ii. 715. 



— protection from moisture, &c., ii. 13. 

 Spore, of Equisetum arvense, ii. 712. 



— of Lycopodium, ii. 716. 



— places of origin, ii. 10. 



— unicellular brood-body, ii. 6. 

 Spore-capsule, of Polytrichum, ii. 700. 

 Spore-capsules, of Mosses, ii. 703. 

 Spore-formation, by abstriction, ii. 20. 

 Spores, classification according to mode of 



origin, ii. 10. 



— dispersed by wind, ii. 812. 



— of Fern, dispersal, &c., ii. 476. 



— of Lichens, dissemination, i. 246. 



— of Moss, dispersal, ii. 479. 



— of Moulds, heat resistance, i. 554. 

 Sporocarps, of Marsilia quadrifolia, ii. 710. 



— of Salvinia natans, ii. 710. 

 Sporodiuia grandis, conjugation and fruit- 

 formation, ii. 53. 



Sporogonium, of Bryaceae, ii. 702. 



— of Muscineae, ii. 15, 477. 

 Sporophyte, of Hepaticae, ii. 696. 



— of Lycopodiales, ii. 704. 



— of Phanerogamia, ii. 717. 



— of Pteridophyta, characteristics, ii. 704. 



— young, of Fern, ii. 708. 



Spring flowers, probable reason for blue 



colour, ii. 194. 

 Sprinkling apparatus for pollen transfer, ii. 



273, 275. 

 "Sprouting" of Rye, &o., ii. 454. 

 Spruce-fir Aphis. See Chermes abietis. 

 Spumaria alba, sporangia, ii. 491. 

 Spur, of Orchids, and honey, ii. 176. 

 Spurge. See Enphorl/ia. 

 Spurge-family. See Euphorbiacece. 

 Spurge-laurel. See Daphne Laureola. 

 Spurges, of Mediterranean, waxy bloom of 



leaves, i. 312. 



Squirrels, disperse fruits, ii. 866. 



Squirting Cucumber, ii. 834. 



Stachys, hybrids, ii. 585. 



Stalk, of ovule, i. 644. 



Stamen, morphological value of parts, ii. 88. 



— parts of, i. 642. 

 Stamens, ii. 87. 



— arrangement, i. 641 ; ii. 85. 



— as insect platform, ii. 225. 



— constancy in number, ii. 8G. 



— division of labour, i. 645. 



— metamorphosis, i. 646. 



— of monstrous flowers, ii. 86. 



Staminal filaments, turgidity in Grasses, U. 



140. 

 Staminiferous buds, of Vallisneria, ii. 105. 

 Staminode, application of term, i. 647. 

 Standard, of papilionaceous flower, ii. 228. 

 Stanhopea, duration of flowers, ii. 214. 



— edible fleshy growths, ii. 170. 

 Stanhopea Devoniensis, ii. 229. 

 Stanhopea ligrina, opening of flowers, ii. 212. 

 Stapelia, colour and odour, ii. 197. 



Star Anise. See Tllicium anUatum. 

 Starch, conducting tissues for, i. 480. 



— decomposition by diastase, i. 465. 



— formed by protoplasts, i. 61. 



— percentage composition, i. 454. 



— storing, i. 358. 



Starch-grains, of plant hybrids, ii. 566. 



various forms, i. 459. 



Starch-granules, in endosperm, ii. 421. 

 Starch-stars, of Chara steUigera, ii. 661. 

 Star of Bethlehem. See Ornithogalum. 

 Statice, anthocyanin, i. 484. 



— poUen-grain, ii. 100. 



— salt on leaves and stems, i. 236. 

 Staurospermum, conjugation, ii. 658. 

 Stearin, in cuticle, i. 309. 

 SteUaria, massing of flowers, ii. 186. 

 Stellaria bulbosa, geographical restriction, ii. 



462. 



vegetative propagation, ii. 463. 



Stellaria graminea, protection of pollen,ii.l20. 

 Stellaria Holostea, autogamy, ii. 355. 

 Stellaria media, abortive anthers, ii. 294. 



autogamy, ii. 338. 



hairs on stem and petioles, i. 227. 



movements of cotyledons, i. 532. 



Stellatai, source of name, i. 637. 

 Stellate hairs, classificatory value, ii. 564. 

 Stellera passerina, effect of mutilation, ii. 517. 



weather and autogamy, ii. 391. 



Stem, classification, i. 650. 



— creeping, i. 652, 662. 



— floating, characteristics, i. 665. 



— foliage bearing, i. 655. 



— geometrical arrangement of ce! 



leaves, i. 405. 



— grooving of, for water conduction, 



— lattice-form, i. 678. 



— mode of climbing, i. 671, 686. 



— morphological considerations, i. 648. 



— nodes and internodes, i. 396. 



— procumbent, mechanical tissue, i. 735. 



— prostrate, i. 662. 



— scaly, i. 651. 



— subterranean, mechanical tissue, i. 735. 



— tendril-bearing, i. 689. 



— transverse and longitudinal sect. i. 469. 



— weaving, nature of, 1. 671. 



— woody, i. 657. 



Stemonitis fusca, sporangia, ii. 491. 

 Stephanospha;ra, structure, ii. 631. 

 Steppe-antelope, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 

 Steppe-fauna, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 

 Steppe-flora, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 



previously in Central Europe, ii. 903. 



Steppe-insects, probable eastward retreat, ii. 



462. 

 Steppe-plants, &c., coloured stamen-fil^ 

 ments in, ii. 183. 



by glandular viscid hairs, i. 230. 

 buds, ii. 33. 



seed protection, ii. 450. 



sticky foliage in, ii. 236. 



Steppe-porcupine, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 



and 



.95. 



