139 



The protected life of this pest makes it difficult to combat, 

 the most exposed period being while it is in the pupal stage. 

 The plan suggested 

 for the codling moth, 

 of gathering and de- 

 stroying fallen fruit 

 promptly, and of let- 

 ting fowls or hogs 

 run in the orchard, 

 is also of value for 

 the railroad worm, 

 as many of the mag- 

 gots in the fallen 

 apples — those leav- 

 ing it for the ground 

 and those pupating 

 in the ground — are 

 quite certain to be found and eaten by these animals. 



Apple, showing work of the maggot. 



Apple-tree Boeek. 

 All parts of trees are attacked by insects, and the apple 

 tree is no exception to the rule. With the codling moth and 

 railroad worm injuring the fruit, the scale insects sucking the 

 sap from the branches and twigs and various other pests con- 

 suming the leaves, it would seem as though the truuk and 

 roots at least should in fairness be exempt from injury; but 

 this is not the case. The apple-tree borer (Saperda Candida 

 Fabr.) dcA^otes its attention to the trunk near its base, and 

 is an important foe, particularly in young trees. This beetle, 

 which is strikingly marked and very noticeable, is rarely 

 seen, being retiring in its habits. The eggs are laid here 

 and there on the lower part of the trunk during the summer ; 

 the borers which hatch bore into the wood, where they make 

 flat cavities just beneath the bark, which often cracks at such 

 places, letting the " sawdust " out, and thus showing where 

 the borers are. The following year the borer makes a regu^ 

 lar tunnel into the wood of the tree, and finally gnaws out to 

 the bark, only a thin layer of which it leaves in place. 



