206 



In some cases, perhaps, these may be all that are actually 

 needed. 



The first is for the San Jose scale, that insidious pest 

 whose presence is oftentimes unnoticed until the vitality of 

 the tree is much impaired. Other scales, such as the scurfy 

 and the oyster-shell, which are not as bad as the San Jose, 

 may possibly be partially controlled by this spraying. This 

 must be applied while the leaves are off the trees and before 

 the buds begin to swell in the spring. It should not be done 

 on a day which is cold enough to freeze the solution as it is 

 applied to the tree, however, and a quiet day should be se- 

 lected, so as to cover the tree thoroughly from all sides. The 

 covering of every part of the tree is very essential to good 

 results, as this insect does not move about, and the caustic 

 spray mvM touch each scale in order to properly accomplish 

 its object, and if only a very few of the scales are left they 

 will be sufficient to repopulate the tree by the following fall. 

 There are two kinds of insects, those which feed on the 

 foliage of a plant and those which suck the plant juices, A 

 poison spray applied to the foliage destroys the former, while 

 it requires either a caustic solution which will destroy the 

 insect or the scale which covers it, or a dust which will close 

 up the breathing pores of the sucking insect which has no 

 protective scale. The lime-sulphur is the most generally 

 used, and is probably the best caustic sjoray to use for this 

 pest, although some authorities are very emphatic in their 

 claims as to the superiority of the miscible oils, claiming that 

 they spread with greater facility and so are more likely to 

 cover every portion of the tree. 



For all spraying operations the best nozzle is the disc 

 type, with a rather large chamber and a large hole which will 

 not clog, of which type the Friend nozzle is as good as any. 

 A factor which may save a lot of bother is a long-shanked 

 coupling with two raised rings for the hose. This vsdll ob- 

 viate any danger of the uncoupling of the hose while in use. 



The most damaging insect to the fruit itself is the codling 

 moth, or " apple worm," as it is commonly called. The 

 spraying numbered 3 is the one which is of the greatest im- 

 portance in combating this pest. This must be done while 



