136 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



(b) The life history of scale insects. 



(c) The common injurious scales of Maine. 



(d) The San Jose scale. 



(e) The San Jose scale in Maine. 



(f) Remedies. 



(g) Importance of legislation against the introduction and 

 spread of injurious insects. 



CLASSIFICATIOX AND CHARACTERS. 



The scale insects belong to the Order Hemiptera, or half- 

 winged insects like the squash bug, Chinch bug, &c. This 

 order is divided into three sub-orders: the Heteroptera (varied 

 winged), or true bugs, the Parasitica which includes the suck- 

 ing lice and the Homoptera, (similar winged bugs.) The 

 scale insects belong to the latter along with the leaf hoppers, tree 

 hoppers, jumping plant lice, starchy scales, cicadas and others. 



The insects of this order have the mouth parts adapted for 

 sucking. They include a large number of species injurious to 

 cultivated and useful plants. A few like the lac and cochineal 

 insects are useful and some of the predaceous species are benefi- 

 cial by destroying insects injurious to man. 



To the Family Coc-ci- dae belong the scale insects or bark 

 lice, Mealy bugs, &c., the subjects of this paper. Among these 

 are some of the worst pests to fruit growers. The members of 

 this family appear so tmlike other insects that the novice is 

 always surprised when told where they belong. They dififer 

 much among themselves and the adult males and females are 

 very dissimilar. The adult females are always wingless and 

 the adult males provided with one pair of wings. The males 

 have no mouth parts these being replaced in the development 

 of the insect by a second pair of eyes. 



The body of the females is either scale-like, gall-like, or grub- 

 like and clothed with wax. The waxy covering under which the 

 insect lives may be powdery, composed of tufts or plates, a 

 continuous layer, or a thin scale. 



LIFE HISTORY. 



The life history of scale insects varies considerable but the 

 following are the main points. Early in spring the young lice 

 are produced alive as in the San Jose scale, or from eggs as 



