TWENTY-FIRST AXXUAL MEETING. 193 



insecticidal values, but the Sulfocide apparently can be in- 

 creased up to 1-200 without injury to the foliage. 



Scald is a type of injury in which the fruit, usually on 

 the exposed side or at the blossom end, shows a continuous 

 injury of the skin, often causing it to roughen and crack. 

 This injury may extend to the deeper tissues, which become 

 darkened, and sometimes rot follows as a result of the 

 injury. Scald was seen only rarely in 1910, but was quite 

 evident in 1911. Average years will probably not show 

 much of this trouble. — -»^»»f.: 



Some sprays were worse than others in producing 

 scald, but Atomic sulphur was as bad as any. We also 

 found some scald on apples sprayed with Bordeaux, self- 

 boiled lime and sulphur, and commercial lime-sulphur. On 

 peaches we had more scald on the whole from Atomic sul- 

 phur than from the self-boiled and the commercial lime-sul- 

 phurs. The peach apparently does not scald as readily as 

 the apple. 



Russeting is a type of skin injury that develops on the 

 young fruit and is still evident on the mature fruit as an 

 unnatural roughness much like the natural "russet" of the 

 Russet varieties. It is not so uniform or extended usually 

 as the natural russet, but is quite a blemish on otherwise 

 first-class fruit. When very severe, the apples are some- 

 what smaller, somewhat deformed, and more or less cracked 

 open. It was because of this injury. Avhich is especially 

 characteristic of Bordeaux mixture, that orchardists were 

 anxious for relief. 



We have found no spray that produces russeting so 

 generally as Bordeaux. The self-boiled and commercial 

 lime-sulphur and Atomic sulphur develop it somewhat. 

 There is a great difference in varieties, Baldwins on the 

 whole being the worst, though we have had cases where 

 Pound Sweet, Early Harvest, and Yellow Transparent were 

 bad, and Greening, Jonathan and Spitzenberg, somewhat 

 injured. We believe that with the Bordeaux used only of 



