272 



INDUSTRIAL PLANTS 



74. Pseudo-woods, as we have seen, may be defined as 

 more or less wood-like materials which, however, show no 

 trace of pith rays or annual rings. 



Under the name porcupine-wood the outer harder part of 

 I 



Fig. 260. — Norway Spruce {Ficra crccL-ia, Pino Family, Pinacew). 1, twig 

 bearing staminate flowers. 2, twig bearing a pistillate flower. 3, ripe 

 cone. 4-6, cone scales, bearing seeds. 7, seeds, with and without 

 wing. 8, stamen, two views. 9, leaf, entire and cut across. 10, seed- 

 ling, with seed-shell still attached. 11, same, older. 12, a "pineapple 

 gall" produced by the spruce aphis (Chcrmcs abictis). (Willkomm ) — 

 Tree growing 4.5 m. tall; hark reddish brown; leaves dark green, glossy; 

 flowers purple; fruit brown. Native home, Europe. Much planted. 



