328 



TEE FARMERY. 



[Chap. III. 



M-c sliouUl all lend our aid to jjiit a stop to. Eesides, it will eiialjlc many a 

 runner to improve his ])laco with new l)uildiiigs, wlio, tliongli lio has loiiir 

 needed tiiem, has shuddered at t!ic thought of cutting dowu halt' of the iiest 

 tiees in his wood-lot, and then giving half a year's work to hauling it homo 

 ;;iid paying for what I do know is the wliolly useless hilior of fi-aming. If 

 ir had not been I'or tiie knowledge of balloon frames, Chicago and S;in 

 Francisco could never have arisen, as they did, from little villages to great 

 cities in a single year. It is not alone city l)ui!dings, wliich arc su])portod 

 I)}' one another, that may be thus erected, but those ii])on tlie open prairie, 

 wliere tlie wind has a sweep from Mackinaw to the Mississippi — for there 

 tliey ai'e built — and stand as firm as any of the old iVanies of New England, 

 witii posts and beams sixteen inches stpiare." 



To this we add something more from Mr. Woodward. He says : 



" We hear and read very much about tlic policy of cutting mortices, 

 tenons, gains, etc., in the various pieces whicli go to make up tlie l)alloon 

 frame. Now it is our opinion, based upon a long and thoroughly jiractical 

 ex]ieriencej that he wlio does mueli of this will have some misspent time 

 to account for hereafter, besides weakening his buikling and hastening the 

 decay of the frame. A gain must be cut in the studding for the side girt, 

 unless the dwelling be lined. Gains are sometimes cut in floor joists for 

 the ]uirpose of locking them over partitions that run through the hight 

 of the building. Kafters projecting over the sides should be notched, to 

 give them a foothold on the plate. These causes would, as a general thing, 

 constitute all the cutting necessary. 



"In l)uilding houses onc-and-a-half-story high, never cut a gain for the side 

 girt on which to rest the upper-story floor joists, unless the thrust of the roof 

 be well guarded against by secure collar beams. We prefer, when we cut 

 this gain, to use studding one inch wider for the sides. "Where the building 

 is lined, the side girt rests on top of the lining, and no cutting is necessary'. 



'• Unplastered buildings, of a moderate size, are sufficiently strong if the 

 girt b>e nailed directly to the studding without cutting the gain or recess. 



" We have recommended, in the construction of a liani 24: liy 40, alternate 

 stiuls on the sides, 2 by 4 and 2 by 5, the side girt to bo nailed to the narrow 

 stud and let one inch info the wide stud. This would not answer for a 

 plastered building, as the surface is not flush for lathing. 



'* Two full story buildings are abundantly strong with 2 by 4 studding and 

 gains cut into them for side girt; the third floor ties the top of the studding, 

 60 tliere is no yield. The joists of the third floor should be placed upon the 

 plate, the ends beveled to the same pitch of the rafters, and each joist nailed 

 at both ends to each rafter. 



" "We prefer to build the second story full for a dwelling-house, as we get 

 moi'c strength, more convenient room, and the real difl'erence in expense is 

 practically nothing. "Where the studding is more than five feet high above 

 the second floor of a barn, two or three tic-strips across the foot of the 

 rafters will make all snug. There should be tic or collar beams on all rafters. 



