December 28, 191 1] 



NATURE 



297 



igneous rocks. Mr. Camsell rejects the hypolnesis of the 

 sedimentary origin of the gold, since no ore bodies have 

 been found in any rocks except those that have been 

 nietamorphosed by the diorite-gabbro intrusions. 



Mr. Camsell 's description makes it quite clear that the 

 •ores are of metamorphic origin, and were due to the action 

 of mineralising solutions given off from the intrusions. 

 The gold has certainly not in this case come up from deep- 

 seated fissures independent of the igneous rocks. The 

 disturbance of the original arrangement of the ores by 

 secondary enrichment is of comparatively secondary import- 

 ance ; the enrichments, as is so often the case, are best 

 developed where some impermeable layer has prevented the 

 further movement of descending solutions. 



The memoir is illustrated by a series of excellent maps, 

 ; sections, and photographs. A few lines on p. 178 are unin- 

 telligible, apparentlv through, an accident in setting the 

 type. ' J. W. G. 



BEIT MEMORIAL FELLOWSHIPS FOR 

 MEDICAL RESEARCH. 

 'T'HE trustees of the Beit Memorial Fellowships for 

 Medical Research elected the following persons to 

 f. llovvships on December 16. In each case we give the 

 1; -neral character of the proposed research, and the institu- 

 tion in which it is proposed to carry out the research. 



Dr. P. G. E. Bayon. — Investigation on the streptothrix 

 stages of various acid-fast germs. Differentiation and 

 classification of the acid-fast group of germs, with special 

 reference to leprosy and tuberculosis. Treatment and 

 ■diagnosis of leprosy on specific lines. At the Lister Insti- 

 tute, and, if possible, at a leper camp in India or Robben 

 Island. 



Evelyn Ashley Cooper. — An investigation of the pro- 

 tective and curative properties of selected foodstuffs and 

 other substances and of their ingredients against beri-beri 

 {polyneuritis) ; of the nature of their active constituents ; 

 and of the value of the foregoing in the treatment of forms 

 of neuritis induced by conditions other than those predis- 

 posing to beri-beri. At the Lister Institute of Preventive 

 Medicine, Chelsea. 



Elizabeth Thomson Frazer. — An inquiry into the value of 

 the complement fixation test in tuberculosis as a guide to 

 <Ii.-ignosis and treatment. At the Bacteriological Labora- 

 t(M-v, Pathological Institute, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow. 



(ieorge Graham. — Investigations on metabolism in health 

 .'uul disease, especially in relation to the retention of 

 nitrogen in kidney disease. At the Pathological Labora- 

 tory, St. Bartholomew's Hospital ; the laboratories of the 

 II. Medizinische Klinik Krankenhaus, Munchen, Bavaria, 

 G>rmany. 



Or. James Andrew Gtinn. — Research in pharmacology 

 and experimental therapeutics :— (i) the toxicity and 

 trypanocidal action of arsen-lecethid ; (2) further investiga- 

 tion of the action of harmaline on the uterus, with the view 

 of determining its possible value as a substitute for, or 

 adjuvant to, ergot ; (3) natural immunity to certain gluco- 

 sides ; (4) an investigation of certain pharmacological and 

 toxicological group-actions. At the Pharmacologv Labora- 

 tory, University College, London. 



Dr. Willoughby Henwood Hartley.— Pathological condi- 

 tions of the kidney brought about bv certain products of 

 putrefaction which are produced ' in the alimentary 

 canal (" Autointoxication and Experimental Nephritis in 

 Rabbits," Journ. of Path, and Hacleriol., 191 1, vol. xvi.). 

 The precise nature and conditions under which certain 

 D.iihological changes are produced in the kidneys by large 

 s of urea, and the effect of certain purine derivatives, 

 icularly caffeine. At the Pharmacological Laboratory, 

 < iinbridge. 



judah Leon Jona. 

 n.incy and childbirth. 

 M'dicine. 



h'owland Victor .\'orris.—.\n investigation into the 



fill mation and metabolism of glycogen in the organism, and 



ii- bearing on diabetes and other pathological conditions. 



lie Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine. 



harles Henry O'Donoghue.— The relation of the cvstrus 



to the functional activity of the mammary glands, and 



rally to investigate the development, morphology, and 



NO. 2200, VOL. 88] 



-The toxaemias attendant on preg- 

 .At the Lister Institute of Preventive 



physiology of the mammary apparatus in the mammalian 

 series. At (i) the Zoological Laboratory, University 

 College, London ; (2) the Institute of Physiology, University 

 College, London. 



Charles Claud Twort. —The immunity reactions in 

 Johne's disease of cattle (pseudo-tuberculous enteritis), and 

 their relation to leprosy and to human, bovine, and avian 

 tuberculosis. At the Brown Institution. 



Jl 



TECHNICAL INSTITUTE TROBLEMSA 



HIS institute now coordinates all the teaching that used 

 to take place in many small science classes in the 

 city. Vou have a costly and magnificent building with 

 many thousands of evening students and a few day 

 students, and it is important to know whether you are 

 doing with it all that may be done. All technical colleges 

 in the country have much the same history and are trying 

 to solve the same problems. I do not know what the 

 salaries are here, but the curse of all other science colleges 

 known to me is that the salaries are only half what they 

 ought to be, and there ought to be more professors and 

 teachers. A city puts up a magnificent building with well- 

 arranged laboratories full of expensive apparatus, and it 

 economises in the most important item — the teacher. As 

 the Americans say, an expensive gun is all right, but what 

 of the man behind the gun? 



I shall speak particularly of the needs of the engineering 

 trades, but what I say applies to nearly all the manu- 

 facturing trades of the town. 



A boy at fifteen fit to be an apprentice ought to be fond 

 of reading English books, to be able to write an account 

 of things he has seen and done, to be able to do simple 

 computation such as easy mensuration, to do a little 

 mechanical drawing, and he ought to know something of 

 natural science. Such an apprentice begins to learn and 

 begins to be useful in his trade from the first day ; he is 

 sure to attend evening classes in this institute, and he will 

 at the age of twenty-one have had a very fine training. 

 But 98 per cent, of apprentices knew little when they left 

 school at thirteen ; they have had time to forget that little, 

 and they know almost nothing when they enter the 

 factory. Therefore for nearly two years in the factory they 

 are mere message boys ; they have no inclination to go to 

 evening classes, and if they had, or if their masters were 

 to insist on such attendance, they would benefit very little. 



It is very easy to blame the masters, but I tell you that 

 the average apprentice has been ruined already ; it is 

 scarcely worth while trying to teach him anything. 



In spite of their ignorance, these apprentices in the past 

 acquired a manual skill which is the wonder of foreigners. 

 But much of that skill is now comparatively useless. The 

 machine tool-shop has become far more important than it 

 used to be, and labour-saving tools have greatly displaced 

 handicraft ; head work has become far more important, 

 and if a man is not to be a mere tool-minder he must 

 know something of the sciences which underlie his trade. 

 It is also important that he should be happy through 

 interest in his work, else he will develop into a mere 

 labour-saving tool himself, without imagination and with- 

 out initiative — a poor sort of citizen. .Again, reforms in 

 workshop methods and invention depend greatly upon the 

 ideas of the workmen, which gradually reach their 

 superiors. 



There is, however, no need to impress upon you the 

 necessity for evening science classes. You have them here. 

 But see what a great waste there is ! This costly build- 

 ing, its well-equipped laboratories and well-trained staff of 

 teachers, are devoted during the first two years of a boy's 

 life here to teaching him the things that he ought to have 

 learnt at his primary school or in some continuation school. 

 I may tell you that in Scotland and the north of England 

 a great effort has been made in the last ten years to capture 

 the boy of thirteen. In Scotland it is compulsory that he 

 should attend continuation-school classes in the evening, 

 and it is going to be made compulsory also in Engl.nnd. 

 In Scotland, however, it is being reco:" • Mi 



' From an .iild'ess delivered at the opening of the new ^ „; ; „ Lil'ii 

 lories of the Municipal Technical Institute, Belfast, on November 34, 

 by Prof. John Perry, F.R.S. 



