August 4, 1923] 



NA TURE 



183 



University and Educational Intelligence. 



Edinburgh.— At a special graduation ceremonial, 

 held in the University Library Hall on July 25, the 

 following members of the eleventh International 

 Physiological Congress, then meeting in Edinburgh, 

 , were presented to the vice-Chancellor (Sir Alfred 

 Ewing), by Sir E. Sharpey Schafer, for the Honorary 

 LL.D. : — Prof. F. Bottazzi, professor of physiology, 

 University of Naples ; Prof. W. Einthoven, professor 

 of physiology. University of Leyden ; Prof. W. H. 

 Howell, professor of hygiene, Johns Hopkins Uni- 

 ; versity, Baltimore ; Prof. J. E. Johansson, professor 

 i of physiology, University of Stockholm ; Prof. A. 

 Kossel, professor of physiology, University of Heidel- 

 berg ; Prof. H. H. Meyer, professor of pharmacology, 

 University of Vienna ; Prof. I. P. Pawlow, professor 

 of physiology, University of Petrograd ; and Prof. 

 C. Richet, professor of physiology in the Faculty of 

 Medicine, Paris. 



London. — Dr. Lydia Henry has been appointed 

 Warden of the Household and Social Science Depart- 

 ment, King's College for Women, Campden Hill 

 Road, W\8. 



Manchester. — The Empire Cotton Growing Cor- 

 poration has recently offered to the University, for a 

 period of five years, a grant to promote study and 

 research in mycology and entomology, more particu- 

 larly the diseases of plants caused by animal and 

 fungal parasites known to be, or likely to be, of 

 importance to cultivators of cotton. It is made a 

 condition of the grant that the University should 

 admit cotton research scholars and assistants on study 

 leave to its laboratories, and it is also asked to deal 

 so far as it can with inquiries from scientific advisers 

 to cotton growers. The work will be carried out in 

 the Departments of Botany and Zoology under Mr. 

 S. Williams and Mr. R. A. Wardle respectively. In 

 this connexion the large and valuable collections of 

 i insects in the Manchester Museum will be of con- 

 siderable assistance in the identification of insect 

 pests, while the experimental grounds and green- 

 liouses which the University has recently established 

 in Fallowfield will greatly facilitate the study of plant 

 diseases. 



Sheffield. — The title of emeritus professor of 

 mechanical engineering has been conferred on Dr. 

 W. Ripper in recognition of the services he has 

 rendered to the Department of Engineering and to 

 the University. 



Mr. Denton Guest has been appointed assistant 

 bacteriologist. 



Dr. K. Fassler of Freiburg (Switzerland) has 

 been appointed, according to the Chemiker Zeitung, 

 assistant and reader in mineralogy and geology at 

 Laval University, Quebec. 



The Educational Directory, 1922-23, published by 

 the Bureau of Education, Washington, as Bulletin 

 1922, No. 50, contains not only the names of ad- 

 ministrative officials — federal, state, county, town, 

 university, college, and library — but also lists of boards, 

 societies, and other organisations having educational 

 aims, and a list of educational periodicals in the 

 United States. The list of summer schools in con- 

 nexion with universities, colleges, and normal schools 

 is an astonishingly long one, containing more than 

 500 entries : in most cases the summer session lasts 

 for from six to ten weeks. 



NO. 2805, VOL. I 1 2] 



The Clothworkers' Company of the City of London 

 has offered an annual contribution of 3000/. for the 

 period of five years 1 923-1 927 to the Imperial College 

 of Science and Technology, South Kensington, to be 

 applied towards the maintenance and development of 

 the City and Guilds (Engineering) College, one of the 

 three constituent colleges of the Imperial College of 

 Science. This donation is supplemental to the sum 

 voted some years ago by the Goldsmiths' Company, 

 a gift amounting to 85,000/., which enabled the En- 

 gineering College to extend its premises, and is quite 

 distinct from the annual vote of 5000/. from the City 

 and Guilds of London Institute which has been paid 

 to the Imperial College since the charter was granted 

 some fifteen years ago and applied to the City and 

 Guilds (Engineering) College. It is another indication 

 of the value which practical men in the City of London 

 attach to the research and general teaching in science 

 specially in relation to industry. 



In 191 7 the Government, acting through the Board 

 of Education and the Department of Scientific and 

 Industrial Research in conjunction with the London 

 County Council and the Governors of the Imperial 

 College, South Kensington, established at the Im- 

 perial College, for a period of five years in the first 

 instance, a Department of Optical Engineering and 

 Applied Optics, in the charge of Prof. F. J. Cheshire. 

 As the Department was originally sanctioned for five 

 years only, the question of its future has recently 

 come up for consideration, and it has been decided 

 that it shall be put upon the same basis as regards 

 permanency as the other Departments of the College. 

 The work of this Department should do much to 

 prevent a recurrence of the position in Great Britain 

 in 1914, when optical manufacturers were severely 

 hampered by the insufficient number of optical ex- 

 perts available both for the scientific direction of 

 production and also for the designing and computing 

 of new optical systems demanded by the Government. 



In view of the jubilee celebration of the Cambridge 

 University local lectures on July 6-9, special interest 

 attaches to a review published in the May number of 

 School Life (Washington, U.S.A.) of university 

 extension work in America. The writer, who is 

 president of the National University Extension 

 Association formed in 191 5, recalls that this work has 

 been carried on in America since the inauguration of 

 the Chautauqua gatherings in 1885, but it was not 

 until 1906 that the University of Wisconsin, the 

 pioneer State university in this field, organised its 

 university extension division as an extramural college 

 with a dean and separate faculty. Since 191 3 the 

 movement has spread so rapidly that now practically 

 every institution of learning — university, college, 

 normal, technical, or professional school, whether 

 public or private, engages in some form of extension 

 activity. The goal of the movement is thus described : 

 "to fit every man and woman for his or her job, 

 thereby making a better economic and social asset 

 for the State." This insistence on the ideal of 

 service to the State is characteristic of American 

 writers on this subject and on elementary and 

 secondary education. The National Association aims 

 at standardising the character and content of courses, 

 conditions of admission, etc. Among important 

 recent developments of extension work in America 

 are : co-operation with agencies such as state medical 

 and dental societies and boards of health, extension 

 courses for medical practitioners, and the utilisation 

 of broadcasting stations. Nearly every state has 

 now a correspondence school system supported by 

 taxation, usually organised as a department of the 

 state university. 



