264 Roo.scirlt Wild Life Annals 



which very Hkely is quite diiiferent from that noted (hiring the daytime). They 

 thus seem to lack definite breeding season migrations. Jjut such an apparent 

 limitation of habitat may be merely an impression due to our paucity of informa- 

 tion on the movements of small fishes. They leave the shore region at times, 

 apparently when temperature, wind, or other factors such as presence of enemies, 

 jjroduce unfavorable conditions for them in the marginal shallows, but to what 

 dejjth they retire does not appear to be known. Examples of such species common 

 in the Oneida region, are: Silvery, Blunt-nosed, Bridled, Spot-tailed, Silverfin, 

 Emerald and Rosy-faced Minnows ; Barred Killifish, Trout Perch, Manitou, Tessel- 

 lated and Iowa Darters, Common Sculpin, and the young of Perch. Golden 

 Shiner, Black Bass, Sunfish and Rock Bass. On the sandy beach at the east end 

 of the lake the rapidly receding water, after a period of strong west wind, leaves 

 many of these small, shore visiting species stranded in temporary pools (Figs. 

 216-218). On September 9, 1927, Mr. Dence, Dr. Johnson and Prof. Hankinson 

 found many fishes thus marooned in shallow ponds of the sandv beach along the 

 northeast shore of the lake. Here were large numbers of young Perch, and many 

 young Black Bass of both species ; also a few Rock Bass and Striped Bass, with 

 many of the minnows and other shore fish. 



Fifteen species of fish found in Onii<la Lake are known to make nests either 

 in the lake or in its tributary strrain^ : ni^ts Ijeing here considered to be modifica- 

 tions of environmental features of \ariiius kinds, as vegetation, bottom or other 

 material. These nest builders are : Lake Lamprey, Bowfin, Fallfish, Horned Dace, 

 Cut-lips, Common Bullhead, Yellow Bullhead, Small- and Large-mouthed Black 

 P)assfs, Bluegill, Common and Long-eared Sunfishes. Rock Bass, Calico Bass, and 

 I'.nxpk Stickleback. The Blunt-nosed Minnow and the Tessellated and Fan-tailed 

 DarttM> place their eggs on the flat lower surfaces of stones, so that it scarcely 

 can be said that they make nests. Some fishes make rather large, often conspicuous, 

 nests in the form of symmetrical depressions, or they may simply be bottom areas 

 cleared of fine soil, slime, or vegetation. Nests of this type are made by Lake 

 Lamprey, Bowfin, Bullheads, Sunfish and Black Bass. The Horned Dace, and the 

 Cut-lips carry small stones into a pile on which they deposit their eggs. Bullheads 

 sometimes construct burrows. The linink Stickleback is said to build a nest out 

 of vegetation (Barker, 'iS: \\right .-iiid Allen, '13, p. 5; Forbes and Richard.son, 

 '09, p. 223). 



All Oneida Lake fishes of knnwn h.ahits spawn in the way usual among fishes. 

 A male (one or more) approximates a female closely or places himself in contact 

 with her, and as the eggs are laid the milt is discharged in such a way as to 

 insure fertilization. In the case of Lake Lamprey, Bowfin, Blunt-nosed Minnow, 

 Horned Dace, Fallfish. Common Pike. Rock Bass, Long-eared Sunfi.sh, Common 

 .Sunfish, both l)]ack Iiasses and the Tessellated Darter, only one male is jjresent 

 during the spawning act. Ordinarily the female approaches the male and the 

 spawning act may be repeated by the same female or the male may join a difTerent 

 female. In other ca.ses, one female is accompanied by a number of males. This 

 is the case with the Car]> and the Suckers (Reighard, '20), and it probablv is 

 usual with the Tulliliee and the Pike Perch. In the spawning of the Manitou and 

 Iowa Darters and the Common .Shiner, a groiiji of males is accompanied by a 



