OiuiJii I.iikf Fislus 299 



Habitat. Tullibees live in the deep waters of Oneida Lake, and, according 

 to fishermen, they arc largely confined in suninier to the deejHJst waters, which 

 are off Cleveland. Uur finding many dead ones there in fresh condition, as well 

 as two dying specimens, during a calm spell on July 14. 1916, gave some evi- 

 dence <jf their being esi)ccially numerous in this locality at the time. Bean 

 ("13, p. 2C>j) says that in summer the Ijest fishing places are in the deepest water 

 of the lake. They come to shallow water in the spawning season, and to some 

 extent at other times. Bean (I.e.) records one seven inches long taken in a net 

 on the west side of Scriba Creek at Constantia. In all of our collections in shal- 

 low water of Oneida I^ke made during three years, no Tullil>ees were taken, 

 making it very prubaMe that the young do not visit shoals, at least in summer 

 and in the daytime. Night observations on fishes of shallows were not made by 

 lis. Wagner ('08a. p. 123) rejwrts catching Tullibees in Wisconsin Lakes at a 

 depth of eighty-five or more feet, where there was little oxygen (about \'yc of 

 ilie amount at the surface), and as they were abundant under such conditions he 

 I (insiders the s[)ecies one that lives well in large shallow lakes, apparently of the 

 i\I>e of Oneida Lake. 



Food. Five sjiecimens were opened by F. C. Baker ('16. p. 161), and only 

 Miic containe<l fofjd, which was almost entirely cladoccrans {Lcptodora hyalina). 

 I his specimen, which was nearly a foot (29 cm) long, was purchased at a Syra- 

 cuse market, in Xovemljer, and was said to have come from Oneida Lake. 



Distribution Records. Forty-six specimens of Tullilwes were added to our 

 collection ( Nos. 327. 486, 534, 559, 560 and 24121. They measured from 

 11-15 inches in total length, but most of them were near the larger dimension. 

 I hirty-seven of the fish were found dead, during July, 1916. Seven were obtained 

 from markets in Brewerton and in Syracuse (Xos. ^27, 486), with assurances tliat 

 tiny came from Oneida I-akc. Two were living (Xo. 5fio) but they were weak 

 and probably dying; they were found near the deepest part of the lake, a mile or 

 two otT Clevelan<l. on July 14. 1916. The occurrence of Tullilx-cs in Oneida 

 I-ike is frequently referred to by Bean ("09. p. 200; '10, p. 2S*): 'i^, p. J('^2■. 

 15, p. 348; and p. 351). Scrilxa ('n, p. 160) and Jordan and I'vermaim ("ii, 

 1'- 33) •■*''*"^ record it from Oneida I^ke. 



F.ucmiis. Tullil)ecs are attacke<l by the I-nke I..iniprcy in Oneida I^ke and 

 undoubtedly many arc destroye<l by it, as shown in our account of the Ijke I^nm- 

 l>rcy. Bean {'02. p. 314) states that young Whitefish (Corcnonus chipcifortuis) 

 arc eaten extensively by Pike I'erch. Black Bass, Pike. Pickerel, an<l Fresh-water 

 Ling, all of which are common in ( hieida I-ike and prolwbly destroy young 

 rullilK'cs also. It is prf)bable al>o that many jwrasites of other herring (Leu- 

 liihlhys and of Whitefish ( CV>rr(/<)»/i«.t ) attack TullilH-es. 



Economics. Tullil)ccs have In-en caught in large numbers in Oneida I^kc, 

 for the markets, and sold fresh or salted, but now their capture is practically 

 |>rohibitc<l by law. since the use of nets suitable for takiitg them is not pennitto<l. 

 It is r<).,'retfable that some means of proin-rly using this ap|wrently large supply 

 of go<«l human food can not l>e found. e<ijxrcially since Tullilx-e* have l>cen reareii 

 at the Hatchery at Con>tantia ami plantc<l in the I-ike in large iuutil)crs. and at 

 considerable exjxMise This has U-en iliscontinue<l in recent years, however. The 



