324 Roosevelt ]\'ild Life Annals 



algae. The fish were of all ages, measuring i. 5-18. 5 inches. The first food taken 

 by the young Carp was insects and rotifers, insect larvae were taken after the 

 first few weeks, and vegetable matter was taken by the adult, omnivorous speci- 

 mens. P'earse ('21a, p. 34) analyzed the food of the two small Carp 2 inches long, 

 from Lake Pepin, Wisconsin. This food was chironomid larvae, 7.5 per cent; 

 beetle larvae, 5 per cent ; chironomid pupae, 50 per cent : Cyclops, 3.5 per cent ; 

 ostracods, 5 per cent. A large specimen from Lakr Michigan, 24 inches long, 

 contained (I.e., p. 42) chironomid larvae, 15 per cent: crayfish, 20 per cent; 

 Eurycercus, 20 per cent ; ostracods, 2 per cent ; Daphnia, 2 per cent ; caddis-worms, 

 I per cent; Sphaeridae, 15 per cent; plants, 5 per cent; sediment, 20 per cent. 

 Pearse (I.e., p. 58) considers the Carp as the principal mussel eating fish in Lake 

 Pepin, along with the Sheephead {Aplodinotus grunniens). 



Greeley {'27, p. 56) reports on the food of 12 young Carp from Casadaga 

 Creek of the Genesee System, New York State. These fish were under three 

 inches in length, and had eaten entomostracans, dipterous insects in all stages, 

 Zygoptera, snails, rotifers, and algae. He also examined the food of a 4% inch 

 Carp from Cayuga Lake, New York, and found snails, chironomid larvae, entomo- 

 stracans, caddis larvae, diatoms and desmids. Gill ('05, p. 206) notes the food of 

 the young to be rotifers, copepods, and algae. Two carp measuring 57-65 mm in 

 length caught by W. A. Dence in a trilnitary of the Oneida River, in late August, 

 1927, cimtained the remains of small snails. 



J>lslril'iill(iii Rrcords. The following Oneida Lake specimens of Carp were 

 obtained by us: Ladd's Bay, one found dead, No. 104; Chittenango Creek, col- 

 lected by J. D. Black, No. 570 ; Dry Land Point, taken nearby in trap net by Pratt 

 and Baker, two fish. No. 1205 and No. 12 16; market specimens from H. X. 

 Coville, reported from Oneida Lake, Nos. 359, 399, 618, 627, 628 : market speci- 

 men from Oneida Lake, according to Samuel Rebeck, No. 327. 



Enemies and Disease. Carp appear to have few enemies in our waters, which 

 is partly due to their wary nature, and their avoidance of clear shallow waters. 

 The muddy waters which they produce on shallows while feeding also doubtless 

 serve to protect them. During the spawning time, however, they or their eggs 

 are preyed upon by certain enemies. Richardson ('13, p. 402) found Garpike 

 (Lcpisostens), grass pike (Esox) and hass on the spawning ground of the Carp. 

 Smiley ('83, p. 246) reports turtles and snakes eating them. Nichols ('13, p. 8) 

 quotes Warren as mentioning loons as enemies of Carp, mergansers as eating the 

 species in reservoirs (p. 9), and Fishhawks taking them on the Delaware River 

 (p. 14). Bartlett ('10, p. 152) says bass eat Carp extensively. Annin ('98, p. 199) 

 records 78 small Carp from the stomach of a Night Heron. Forbes ('88b, p. 11) 

 found Carp in stomachs of Esox hicius and Ainia calva. Water bugs such as 

 Belostoma, Ranaira, Nepa and Notonccta have been known to destroy small Carp 

 in ponds, according to Dimmock (see Cole, '05, p. 583). Frogs and toads are 

 considered enemies of Carp by Leach ('19, p. 13), who recommends that Carp 

 ponds be enclosed with wire netting to prevent the entrance of these animals. 

 Wetmore ('24) notes that Carp have been found in stomachs of the Western 

 Grebe (p. 6). Horned flrebe (p. 11 ) and Pied-billed Grebe (p. 20). 



