Oticidii Lahf I-islics 325 



Perhaps the worst enemies of the Carp arc the animals that eat their eggs, 

 which are scattered over vegetation in shallow water, for this is the natural feed- 

 ing groimd of numerous minnows and other small fishes. However the abundance 

 of eggs laid by the Carp makes the species highly successful notwithstanding the 

 depredations of its enemies. Smiley ('83, p. 246) also notes this destructivcness 

 to Carp eggs by minnows, including goldfish, and Jordan ('05, Vol.. 2, p. 170) 

 writes that catfish, sunfish, and pike prey upon the eggs. Ellis ('14, p. 35) says 

 the young Carp are eaten by bass, crappies, and sunfish, as well as by snakes and 

 aquatic birds : he notes an instance where a Carp about seven inches long was 

 taken from the stomach of an .\merican Merganser. Richardson ('13, p. 404) 

 considers bass to be very destructive to Carp fry in the backwaters of the Illinois 

 River. Lampreys are frequently found attached to Carp in Oneida l^kc, accord- 

 ing to reliable testimony from fishermen, obtained by W. .\. Dcnce. .\ large 

 specimen in our collection ( Xo. 104 ) was found dead in I jdd's Bay. It had two 

 deep lamprey scars. Dence has frequently noticed large dead Carj) about the 

 shores of Oneida Lake, and in .\pril. 1927, he found a dozen or more dead speci- 

 mens, weighing 10 to 20 pounds, near the mouth of Chittenango Creek ; and fully 

 as many more abnut the shore of Maple Ray. Three large fish representing about 

 40 pounds of flesh were foimd in one heap and photographed as found. .\ com- 

 mercial fisherman who has netted Carp fur several years states that this is not 

 peculiar to Oneida I.ake. He had noticed that a decided bloating precedes the 

 death of the fish, which he believes is caused by the retention of spawn : but this 

 explanation floes not seem plausible. Disease producing parasites were found to 

 l>e uncommon by Cole ('05. p. 379) who examined Carji from waters of the Great 

 Lake region. It seemed to him (p. 581) that in luiropc the Carp is much less 

 immune to parasites and diseases than in North .\merica. Dyche ('14, p. 126) 

 found the flesh practically free from parasites which are more or less common in 

 many other fishes, especially the kimls that are embedded in the llesh. The follow- 

 ing notes have Ik'cii olitained from literature on the parasites of the Carp : 



Bacteria 

 Bean ('o~, p. 221 ) tells of the red plague (Baclcriinr; rvf-ritrin'd.i't fnmn'ng 

 vesicles under the skin of Carp. 



FtNT.I 



Cole ('05. p. 580) notes Sof^roliiinia infesting Carji, ,111. 1 -tc k \ 1 ,^i, |. i^t) 

 describes "mossy growths" on the head. The eggs in the shallow water sjuwning 

 pinco air :itt.ii-k<-<! Iiy a ninld. according to Richardson ("14, p. 404 (. 



F'rotozoa 



<iini<\ ( ')(. |i iMi I rifiirils M yxosf'oriiirtt or p-.ciri>»|.<Tni'« nn l .irp 



TRKMAToDr, Worms 

 Trcmaloda dujaniUntus Dies, Stiles and Ilassall. '08, p. 31. 

 T. isosfionim Loos, I.e.. p. 44: 7". lonqicoUis Fnx'lich, I.e.. p. 4') 

 K.itb.. I.e., p. 52; T. innllis W . " ' ;: Diploslotiuim sp.. Tear*- 



