338 Roosevelt Wild Life .Iniials 



gave about 2000. Fecundated by tbe "dry" method, that is, without the addition 

 of water until the fecundation was effected, and placed for incubation in a floating 

 wire box, they hatched very well in from seven to nine days, the temperature of 

 the water lieing Inmi 34' j F. in 1)3' j° F., averaging under 60° F." 



The "AwaddM" ni\rrc.I i< ■ li\ Robert Bell ('97) were undouljtedly of this 

 species. Fish were slcu deposiiing stones from an ounce to a pound in weight, in 

 heaps containing from a "wheel-barrow load to four or five tons'' each. The 

 working, fish were from a pound to three or four pounds in weight. They worked 

 together and the size of the nest depended upon the number of workers. Stones 

 were brought in their mouths from far and near. 



Habitat. This is mainly a stream fish but is also fairly abundant in standing 

 water, particularly near the mouths of streams in lakes. Fowler ('06, pp. 1 30-13 1 ) 

 says: "It is often found about rapids and falls, from which it has earned the name 

 of fall fish. The large ones occur in rivers or other large bodies of fresh water. 

 Those most likely to be met with are in the smaller streams of clear water, not 

 very deep, and with good protection of vegetation along the banks. A stream 

 which may be easily waded, and with here and there a deep pool into which the 

 fish may dart when disturbed, are the most favored." "It prefers clear swift 

 streams, rocky pools below cataracts, or clear cool lakes" ( I'.vermann. '01, p. 316). 



Food. Baker ('16, p. 171) examined two specinu'iis (\'i>. 76) from Fred- 

 erick Creek at Constantia, and found one with the stomach and intestines empty, 

 the other with two crawfishes, Caiiibarus bartoni robustus, and the remains of a 

 small frog. Kendall and Goldsborough ('08, p. 26) state that the Fallfish eat 

 almost all kinds of food, and frequent the mouths of sewers and drains. Fowler 

 ('06, p. 132) says that the food consists of insects, "frequently apple bugs (Gyrini- 

 dac)." Warren ('97, p. 27) saw a young ground sparrow devoured by a 16-inch 

 Fallfish. Evermann and Kendall ('96, p. 604) report ten of these fish about 4 

 inches long from the stomach of a Burbot, Lota maculosa. Breder and Crawford 

 ('22, p. 295) give the results of examinations of 242 tisli: 87',' of the food was 

 insects, which were larvae of some aquatic and sonic terrestrial forms, besides 

 beetles, flies and Hymenoptera. The 13% non-insect food was composed of plants. 

 such as diatoms and filamentous algae, some other invertebrates and one tish 

 (Bolcosoiiia). From the character of the food found (see table of food, p. 29()) 

 and from a(|uarium observations, the authors infer that the Falllish gets most of 

 its food just a1)ove the liottom, and just lielow tlie water surface. The food was 

 found to be similar in fish of all sizes. 



Distribution Records. Our collections consist mostly of small s]Hiiini'ns. 

 only a few larger ones having been caught : No. 76, a single large tish from a \»nv\- 

 hke bay just west of the mouth of Scriba Creek, Constantia; No. J"/, on a sandy 

 beach of Bullhead I'.av, a single small li>h about l^ inches long; No. 86, .several 

 small fish about 2 inches long, on sand with scattered stones, in open spaces lietween 

 bulrushes, P'oddygut Point; No. 120, a single small specimen from Big liay 

 .Shoal, near Belknaps Landing; No. 345. a single specimen almost 3 inches long, at 

 Lower South ]'.ay ; No. 422, .1 small si)ecimens fnnn Dakiiis llav, nc.ir tbe school- 

 house, near patches of Tyj^lia: Xo. 4^3, 3 sm.ill s].ccinirns, frnm the west side of 

 East I'otter P.av. among ■,u\mUe jilanls: No. 470. a sin.^lo Muall sinvinu'n. among 



