34-' Roosevelt Wild Life Annals 



those 4 inches or under are apt to prove far more killing." Kendall and Golds- 

 borough (08, ]). 29) state that "this chub readily takes a hook baited with worm, 

 piece of fish, or any kind of flesh and frequently an artificial hy." 



References. Abbott, '90; Allen, '14; Baker, '16; Ellis, '14: Evermaiin, 01 : 

 Forbes, '83, '88a; Fowler, "13; Greeley, '27; Hankinson, '08. '09, "10, '13: Iven- 

 dall and Goldsborough, '08; McAtee, '15: Reighard, '10: Shelford, '13: ^^'eed and 

 McAtee. '15: Wright and Allen, '13. 



Notropis heterodon (Cupe). PiI.ai k-thinned Minnow. This is one of 

 the three or four species n\ minnow fdund in (Jneida Lake that are alike in certain 

 features, and by which the}' differ from all other minnows in the lake. These are : 

 small size, ordinarily about 2 inches and never exceeding 3 inches in length; sub- 

 terete form ; and scales large everywhere on the body. Black-chinned Minnows 

 diiTer from the others of this grouj) in having the anterior edge of the lower jaw- 

 bordered with black, whence its common name. The species is apparently scarce 

 in Oneida Lake. 



Breeding and Life History. Wright and Allen ('13, p. 3 I give the breeding 

 time for Ithaca. N. Y., as May 8th to June 12th. Forbes and Richardson ('09, 

 p. 136) say that the species spawns in May and Jmie in central Illinois. Han- 

 kinson ('08, p. 206) took three gravid females on June 16. at Walnut Lake, 

 Michigan. 



Habitat. This minnow appears to prefer lakes to streams (Forbes and Rich- 

 ardson, '09, p. 136 and p. ex), and bottoms of mud and sand. Hankinson (08. 

 p. 206) found them especially common where vegetation is abundant in Walnut 

 Lake. 



Food. A variety of food is eaten. Forljes ('83. p. 129) found in eighteen 

 .specimens, a little mud, some flowers and seeds, comprising about a tenth of the 

 food, traces of filamentous algae, some snails, insects (chiefly Chironomus) , many 

 entomostracans (58%), and a few other organisms including some rotifers and 

 protozoans. Hankinson C08, p. 206) found them at Walnut Lake, Michigan, 

 eating algae and Enloniostraca, and adult midges (Chironoiims) when there was a 

 flight of them. DeRyke ('22, pp. 10, 14 and 16) found this minnow eating uni- 

 cellular and filamentous algae, and wings and other fragments of adult insects, in- 

 cluding a neuropterous form. One specimen contained 14 fish eggs. Three speci- 

 mens, 2-3 inches long, were examined. Pearse ('18, p. 289; '21a, p. 37) reports on 

 food examinations of this s])ecies from Wisconsin Lakes. Entomostracans, chirono- 

 mids (larvae, pupae and adults), oligochaete worms, and filamentous algae com- 

 posed the stomach contents. Greeley ('27, p. 59) notes that the food of a speci- 

 men from Black Creek, Monroe Co.. N. "S'., consisted of small crustaceans 

 (Chydorinae). 



Distribution Records. Three siiecimens (No. 353 ) were laken in ( tneida Lake 

 at Brewerlcn. April j>). kiKi, .-md on ( )ctiiber \(>. i()i'>. twelve ( Xc (<J2) were 

 caught at lirt'wi'rton by R. < I Hassclt. 



Economics. lAcrmann ('oi. ]>. 321 and |). 322) says it is similar to the 

 Cayuga Minnow in \alue and is used ;is ;i bait minnow. ( See drscription ol' 

 A^. Cayiifja.) 



References. Evermann. 01 : DeRyke. '22: lM)rbes. 'S;, ; {••nrbes and Richard- 

 son, '09; Greeley, '27; llankinson, '08: Pearse, '18: '21a: Wright and .Mien, '13. 



