364 Roosevelt Wild Life Annals 



creek collections were also made: No. 75, Scrilja Creek; No. 81, Johnson's Bay 

 Creek; Nos. 116, 118, Big Bay Creek. 



In June and July, 1916, the following collections were made in shallow water : 

 No. 403, Shackelton Point; No. 427, Dakin Bay; No. 441, Taft Bay; No. 470, 

 Cleveland Bay; No. 475, Lower South Bay; No. 485, Fairchild Bay; Nos. 489 and 

 490, Three Mile Ray: Xos. 504. 505, Upper South Bay; No. 517. Sylvan Beach; 

 Nos. 526, 528, Maple r.ay: Xd. 542, Johnson's Bay; Nos. 573, 5<)7. Xcnxniss 

 Point; No. 577. Three Mile I'.ay: Xo. 600, Milton Point; No. (ak|, Wedgeworth 

 Point. In the deep water of the lake we also took some Golden Shiners at this 

 time: No. 519, in twelve feet, off Norcross Point, one large fish; No. 583, in 

 about ten feet, off Dunham's Island, 74 large fish. 



In streams, in June and July, 1916, two collections containing Golden Shiners 

 were made: No. 513, (3neida Creek; No. 590, Chittenango Creek. 



Three fall collections made in October and November contained this species: 

 No. 5, Lower South Bay; Nos. 314, 624, Brewerton. Also at Sylvan Beach, Sept. 

 9, 1927, the fish was taken (No. 4272). 



Eneiiiirs mul Pisease. No doubt these shiners are eaten extensively by the 

 larger predacious tish of the lake. Remains of this species were found in stomachs 

 of two Chain Pickerel caught at Fairchild Bay, June 30, 1916. (See p. 393-) 

 Their abundance in the deeper water would make them especially available to preda- 

 tory species. Fowler ('13) found that Golden Shiners were eaten by Pied-billed 

 Grelaes (Podilynibus podiceps), Mergansers 1 M,ti/iis anicricanits) , Bitterns 

 (Bofaiirus Irntiginosits) , Green Herons {Buluridcs viresccns), Night Herons 

 (Nvctieorax nyctieorax naevius), Greater Yellow-legs {Tetanus iiiclaiiolciints). 

 Fish Hawks {I'ciidion haliaetus carolinensis) , Kingfishers (Ccryle alcyon). and 

 Crows (Connis hracliyrliynrlios. Fowler ('14, p. 349) notes finding bones of this 

 species in a Kingfisher's nest. Abbott ('74, p. 330) says it is a favorite prey of 

 kingfishers due to its odor [ilavor?]. Nichols ('15, p. 28) found 90 pharyngeal 

 bones of the Golden Shiner in a recently occupied nest of kingfishers and suspects 

 that the bird discriminates in favor of this species. Diseased Golden Shiners were 

 common in Oneida Lake. Water-mold, probably Saprolcgnia, had attacked many 

 of them, and frequently fish could be seen swimming with large masses of it on 

 their bodies; and many that were caught were thus infested (Nos. 427, 517, 583, 

 600). In one collection (No. 517) thirty-one were parasitized, giving them a black- 

 -speckled appearance, due probably to trematode worms. In a large collection of 74 

 Golden Shiners (No. 583) from Dunham's Island, many of the fish had small 

 leeches upon their fins (No. 584). VanCleave ('23, p. 82) records the acanthoce- 

 phalan, Pomphorhynchus Imlbocolli Linkins, in a Golden Shiner from Oneida Lake. 



.\t Otisco Lake, southwest of Syracuse, forty Golden Shiners (No. 1521) 

 were caught on July 16 and 17, 1917, by A. G. Whitney; all of these, with perhaps 

 one exception, were diseased, the external portions of the body being whitish, 

 translucent and ulcerous in a few cases. Many had portion.s of the fins missing 

 and body wounds, suggesting that their diseased condition made them subject to 

 the attacks of certain enemies, perli.aps turiles. Keiidall ("iS. ]>. 518) notes that 

 the species contributes largely to tiie food supply of pickerel, in Umbagog Lake, 

 Maine. Allen (': 4. p. 57). in writing of the fish lU'ar Ithac.i. X. ^■., savs th.at it 

 provides the chief forage for tin- larger predacious lishes .and for the Kinglisher. 



