I LLUSTRATIONS 



PttBe 



Figure 1. — Research Laboratories, Genera) Electric Com- 

 pany, Sclienectady, New York fi 



FiGUKE 2.- — Research Laboratories, American Cyanamid 



Company, Stamford, Connecticut V 



Figure 3. — Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, 



New York 10 



Figure 4. — General Motors Research Laboratories Build- 

 ing, Detroit, Michigan 11 



Figure 5.— Research Laboratory Floor Plan, General 



Foods Crrporation, Hobokcn, New Jersey 15 



Figure 6. — Interior View of Edison's Laboratory at 



Menlo Park, 1880. (World Wide Photos, Incl 30 



Figure 7. — The First Laboratory of E. I. du Pont de Ne- 

 mours and Company, Incorporated, was Housed in 

 This Building, Erected About 1802, Wilmington, Dela- 

 ware 44 



Figure 8. — Library, Research and Development Lab- 

 oratories, Bakelite Corporation, Bloomficld, New Jer- 

 sey. (Unit of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation) 54 



Figure 9. — First Laboratory of Parke, Davis and Com- 

 pany, 1873, Detroit, Michigan 60 



Figure 10. — Starting Out in 1880 to Take a Picture. 



(Acme Photo) (iG 



Figure U. — Laboratory for Developing and Testing Re- 

 fractories, General Refractories Company, Baltimore, 

 Maryland 80 



Figure 12. — Stri|)s of Light-Polarizing Film Hanging in 

 the Laboratory of the Polaroid Cori^oration, Cambridge, 

 Massachusetts. The Strips are Transparent Unless 

 Two Are Crossed at Right Angles 81 



Figure 13. — Fiber Preparation Laboratory, John A. 

 Manning Paper Comi)!tny, Incorporated, Troy, New 

 York 83 



Figure 14. — Laboratory and Headquarters of the Ameri- 

 can Pharmaceutical .Association, Washington, D. C. 89 



Figure 15. ^National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Asbu- 

 ciation, Washington, D. C. 93 



Fiouaa 16.— Laboratory for Investigation of Length 

 Change in Concrete, Portland Cement Aseoolation, 

 Chicago, lUinois 95 



Figure 17. — Laboratories and Offices of the American 



Institute cf Laundering, Joliet, Illinois 97 



Figure 18. — Higli-Speed Motion Pictures of the Human 

 Vocal Cords, Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, 

 New York 101 



Figure 19.- — Pure Research Division, Stamford Research 

 Laboratories, American Cyanamid Company, Stamford, 

 Connecticut 102 



Figure 20. — Fundamental Research in Reaction Kinetics, 

 Emeryville Laboratories, Shell Development Company, 

 Emeryville, California 104 



Figure 21. — Ultracentrifuge for Determination of Molec- 

 ular Weights of Colloidal Materials Such as Proteins, 

 Cellulose and Rubber, Experimental Station of E. I. 

 du Pont do Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Dela- 

 ware 105 



Figure 22. — World Record for Maximum Speed 130 



Figure 23.— Total Route Miles 131 



Figure 24. — Total Plane Miles Flown 132 



Page 



Figure 25. — Total Passenger Miles Flown 132 



Figure 2G. — Passenger Revenue (Domestic) 133 



Figure 27. — Passengers Carried (Domestic) 133 



Figure 28. — Average Passenger Fare Per Mile 134 



Figure 29. — Payments to Domestic Air Mail Contractors 



and Air Mail Postal Revenue 135 



Figure 30. — Payment Per Pound-Mile Domestic Air 



Mail 135 



Figure 31. — Model of Pipe Still Used in Development 

 and Improvement of Processes, Standard Oil Develop- 

 ment Company, Elizabeth, New Jersey 145 



Figure 32. — Production and Reserves of Crude Oil in the 



United States, 1925-39 146 



Figure 33. — Aerial View of Research and Development 

 Laboratories, Universal Oil Products Company, River- 

 side, Illinois 117 



Figure 34. — Experimental Oil Cracking Still, Gulf Re- 

 search and Development Company, Ilarmarvillc, 

 Pennsylvania 148 



Figure 35. — Variations in the Consumption of Straight 

 Run, Cracked, and Natural Gasolines in Terms of Per- 

 centages of Crude Oil, 1921-39 148 



Figure 36. — The Production of Domestic Gasoline in the 



United States, 1921-39 149 



Figure 37. — The Trends of Octane Gasoline Ratings and 



Automobile Engine Compression Ratios, 1929-39 152 



Figure 38. — Variations in the Price of Gasoline in the 



United States, 1920-39 (based on 50 cities) 154 



Figure 39. — Subzero Temperatures for Study of Oil, 

 Fuel, and Lubricant Performances, Standard Oil De- 

 velopment Company, Elizabeth, New Jersey 155 



Figure 40. — Research on Creep of Steel, Crane Com- 

 pany, Chicago, Illinois 161 



Figure 41. — Austempering of Steel, American Steel and 

 Wire Company, Worcester, Massachusetts. (Subsid- 

 iary of United States Steel Corporation) 163 



FiGUKE 42. — Vacuum Extraction Apparatus for Control 

 of Oxides in Steel, Republic Steel Corporation, Cleve- 

 lajid, Ohio 165 



FiouBB 43. — Apparatus for Speotrographic Examination 

 of Steel, Bethlehem Steel Company, Bethlehem, 

 Pennsylvania 167 



Figure 44. — Personnel Employed in Industrial Research: 



1920-40 174 



Figure 45. — The Increase of Research Personnel Between 

 1938 and 1940; Relative Importance of the Various 

 Components 175 



Figure 46.— The "Birth Rate" of Industrial Research 176 



Figure 47.^ — Geographical Distribution of Industrial Re- 

 search Laboratories: 1940 177 



Figure 48. — Research Employment in Various Indus- 

 tries: 1940. The marks on the bars indicate values 

 comparable with those of figure 49. See footnote 15. 179 



Figure 49. — Research Employment in Various Indus- 

 tries: 1927 and 1938. The upper bar of each pair refers 

 to 1927; the lower bar to 1938 180 



Figure 50. — The Percentage of the Dollar Value of 

 Products of Various Industries Expended for Research: 

 1927 and 1938. The upper bar of each pair refers to 

 1927; the lower bar to 1938 181 



