Industrial Research 



61 



ning the research organization has expanded into the 

 present Lilly Research and Control Laboratories, which 

 are equipped for work in the fields of chemistry, botany, 

 pharmacology, physiology, and experimental medicine. 

 The research staff cooperates constantly with original 

 investigators in universities, clinics, and hospitals, 

 particularly in the study of prophylactic and thera- 

 peutic agents. The first insulin commercially available 

 in the United States came as a result of the cooperation 

 of the laboratory with research workers in the Univer- 

 sity of Toronto. 



Parke, Davis and Company 



In 1862 Samuel P. Duffield, a retail druggist in 

 Detroit, began to make a number of preparations in 

 larger amoimts than required for his own use and to 

 sell them to other pharmacists. In 1866 the partner- 

 ship of Duffield, Parke & Company was formed, later to 

 become Parke, Davis & Company. From the beginning 

 the company was active in the investigation of new 

 drugs, the production of new medicinal substances, and 

 the development of new methods of manufacturing 

 pharmaceutical products. About 1874 a systematic 

 search was begun for unknown or little used plants that 

 might have medicinal value. Representatives of the 

 company explored the northwestern United States, 

 British Columbia, and Mexico; one sent to the Fiji 

 Islands brought back a supply of tonga ; another brought 

 from the West Indies other plants which proved to be 

 valuable as drugs. A special representative m 1881 

 made a trip from the mouth of the Amazon River about 

 2,500 miles into the interior. As a result of these ex- 

 plorations and the work in the laboratory the company 

 in the early years of its existence introduced 48 new 

 drugs, many of which are still widely used."" 



In the seventies there were no standards for medicinal 

 products, and drug extracts varied greatly in strength. 

 In 1879 the first standardized medicinal drug product 

 on the market came from this laboratory. It was a 

 preparation of ergot that had been brought to a uniform 

 standard of strength by a chemical assay."' Four 

 years of systematic study made it possible for the 

 company to announce a list of 20 "normal liquids" that 

 had been standardized by some form of chemical assay. 

 Although new and better methods of assay were to be 

 discovered, the original standards have in many instances 

 changed very little. In recent years, much research 

 has been devoted to the means of preparing and stabi- 

 hzing solutions used in hypodermic and intravenous 

 medications. 



A separate biological unit was established in 1895, 

 and in 1902 the necessity for more adequate facilities 



110 Taylor, F. O. Parke, Davis and Co. Industrial and EnfinterinQ Cltemiitry, 19, 

 1205 (October 1927). 

 1" Parke, Davis and Cc. See footDcte 110. 



for research led to the construction of a new research 

 laboratory, which is said to be one of the first separate 

 laboratory buildings erected by a commercial organiza- 

 tion in this country. Under the direction of Dr. 

 Oliver Kamm, the laboratory has in recent years 

 expanded until now it comprises some 16 divisions, 

 including organic chemistry, biochemistry, bacteriology, 

 pharmacology, physiology, pathology, and pharmacy, 

 each of which is under the supervision of a specialist. 



E. R. Squibb & Sons 



Dr. Edward R. Squibb was one of the first men to 

 take steps to fill the need for new and better products 

 in the treatment and prevention of disease and in the 

 relief of pain. He founded the firm of E. R. Squibb & 

 Sons and began at once to develop a process for making 

 ether satisfactory for anesthesia. Since that time the 

 company's research has gradually expanded to provide 

 the medical profession with a greater supply of more 

 effective preparations with which to combat disease. 

 In 1938 the company organized the Squibb Institute 

 for Medical Research, which is housed in a new lab- 

 oratory building in New Brunswick, N. J. The labo- 

 ratory is devoted to pure science in the medical and 

 biological fields. Research has been organized in four 

 main divisions — experimental medicine, pharmocology, 

 bacteriology and virus diseases, and organic chemistry."^ 



Miscellaneous Industries 



American Locomotive Company 



In the locomotive industry the principal objective of 

 research has been improvement in locomotive design 

 and construction to give better and more economical 

 motive power. To achieve this end, research in the 

 laboratory has been supplemented by data obtained 

 from actual road performance. 



During the decade from 1890 to 1900 the individual 

 companies which were later consolidated into the 

 American Locomotive Company made extensive studies 

 to obtain a satisfactory application of double expansion 

 steam distribution. As a result of this work, seven or 

 eight types of compoimd locomotives were introduced, 

 among them the Richmond compound, developed by 

 Carl J. Mellin, which is still the American Locomotive 

 Company's standard for compound locomotives. 



Soon after the formation of the company in 1901, 

 experiments were carried out on the use of superheated 

 steam, a practice which has now become standard in 

 locomotive operation. For a period of 10 years the 

 company collected a large amount of operating data 

 from the railroads, and from an analysis of these data 

 it was able to evolve tables giving such information as 



>>! Dedication of Sguibb Institute. Induttrial and EnsiTuerlnn Chematrn (,Ntwi 

 Ed.), 16, 564 (October 20, 1938). 



