166 



National Resources Planning Board 



stressed by Stoughton, the <iraduate metallurofist needs 

 a basic training in social and economic science if he is 

 to cope adequately with any problems in the steel 

 industry except fundamental research. How he is to 

 attain such trainiii<r in a 4-year course is at present an 

 unsolved problem. The general aspects of metallurgical 

 education and its relation to research are discussed in 

 detail elsewhere '" so that further attention here is 

 unnecessary. 



Cooperative Metallurgical Research 



in the Iron and Steel 



Industry of Germany and England 



The amount of cooperative research participated m or 

 sponsored by the American iron and steel industry has 

 increased in the last 20 years, but it is still considerably 

 less than that so aided in Germany and Great Britain. 

 The organization of cooperative research in Germany 

 and England is frequently held \ip as exemplary of a far- 

 sighted program and should be outlined briefly. 



According to Speller," cooperative research in Ger- 

 many is divided into fimdamental research and the prac- 

 tical application of tliis in industry. Fundamental 

 research is carried out by some 35 institutes, supported 

 jointly by industrj' and the Government; for research in 

 ferrous metallurgy, the Kaiser Wilhebn Institut fiir 

 Eisenforschimg is IcnowTi all over the world. This insti- 

 tute, founded in Diisseldorf in 1918, is financed by the 

 iron and steel industry through its organization, the 

 Verein deutscher Eisenliiittenleute — only the salary of 

 the director is paid by the Government — and the work 

 is supervised by tcclinical committees of the Vcrem, who 

 also assign to the research laboratories of the various 

 steel companies problems which are not suitable for the 

 institute, and who supervise the practical application in 

 tiie mills of fundamentals worked out at the institute. 



Two systems of cooperative research are used in Eng- 

 land. One, a joint project sponsored by the British 

 Iron and Steel Institute and the National Federation of 

 Iron and Steel Manufacturers, is devoted to research of 

 value to the industry as a whole. Joint committees 

 select the problems and arrange for the work to be done 

 by qualified scientists. The Iron and Steel Institute 

 contributes a small amount of money and affords a 

 medium for publication; most of the financial support 

 comes from the federation. Splendid work has been 

 done on this joint project over the past 15 years; the 

 best-known reports are the series on the heterogeneity 

 of steel ingots, alreadj^ mentioned, and on corrosion. 



The other principal British instrumentality for co- 

 operative research is the Department of Scientific and 



" GlUctt, H. W. Metallurgical research as a national resource. This volume, 

 pp. 289-306; Gibbons. W. A. Careers In research. This volume, pp. 108-119. 



" Speller. F. N. Cooperative research In the iron and steel industry. (Yearbook 

 of the American Iron and Steel Institute.) New York, American Iron and Steel 

 InstltQte, 1931, p. 43. 



Industrial Research started in 19 IG. This is financed 

 l>y the industries concerned and by the Government, 

 each contributing about half. Publication is possible 

 only by permission of both industry and Government. • 

 Only a small number of the problems investigated are 

 metallurgical. 



Cooperative Metallurgical Research 

 in the Iron and Steel 

 Industry of the United States 



In the United States, most cooperative metallurgical 

 research was, until about 1925, carried out by the var- 

 ious technical societies, either alone or in cooperation 

 with industry or with the National Bureau of Standards 

 or the United States Bureau of Mines. The most im- 

 portant and best-known work undertaken in this way 

 was that on the corrosion of sheet steel in the atmos- 

 phere, by the American Society for Testing Materials, 

 and that on the effect of temperature on the properties 

 of metals, by a joint committee of the American Society 

 for Testing Materials and the American Society of 

 Mechanical Engineers. Another such valuable coopera- 

 tive project is the study of soil corrosion of pipe, which 

 has been under way for 10 years at the National Bureau 

 of Standards with the cooperation of the pipe manu- 

 facturers. The iron and steel industry cooperated in 

 these projects by supplying materials and the services 

 of technical men and, in some cases, by contributions of 

 money. There is one large endowed organization, 

 Battelle Memorial Institute, which is equipped to under- 

 take a variety of research problems for trade associa- 

 tions or uadividual companies — who supply most of the 

 funds, while the institute supplies the facilities and the 

 supervision — and its endowment permits it to undertake 

 considerable misponsoreil metallurgical research. 



There are three relatively large cooperative research 

 projects in ferrous metallurgy in this country which 

 have received much favorable comment throughout the 

 world. The first of these, established in 1926 and 

 completed in 1934, was organized to supervise research 

 in steel manufacture; this was conducted by the 

 Metallurgical Advisory Board. Most of the funds were 

 supplied by the steel industry; research facilities and 

 scientific and other personnel were supplied by the 

 United States Bureau of Mines and by the Carnegie 

 Institute of Technology of Pittsburgh. Work done 

 under this project on the physical chemistiy of steel 

 making has been recognized as one of the most valuable 

 fundamental researches in steel making ever attempted. 



The other two projects, .(Vlloys of Iron Research and 

 Welding Research, were organized by The Engineering 

 Foundation and sponsored by the American Institute of 

 Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, and by the 

 American Welding Society and the American Institute 

 of Electrical Engineers, respectively. These two proj- 



