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National Resources Planning Board 



each have plants in Norway these companies have con- 

 ducted little or no research there otiior than on trouble 

 shootuig and plant problems. 



Norway has been the largest producer of cod-liver oil 

 in the world. The Norwegian canning industry has 

 been conducting research for the fishing mdustries, and 

 recently determined the vitamin D potency of different 

 fish and fish products. 



As Denmark is a small and predominantly agricul- 

 tural country, the extent of research has been compara- 

 tively small. Nevertheless in some fields outstanding 

 work has been done. Most notable perhaps has been 

 the work at the laboratory of Professor Niels Bohr in 

 Copenhagen on atomic structure and biophysics. P. A. 

 Hansen's work in zymologj^ at the Biotecknisko-Kemish 

 Laboratory is world famous, as are S. P. L. S0rensen's 

 researches in the same field and in hydrogen ion concen- 

 tration at the Carlsberg Laboratory in Copenhagen. 

 The University of Copenhagen and the Polytechnic 

 Institute in Copenhagen have been doing splendid work 

 in pure and applied science. 



Research has advanced the Danish dairy industry to a 

 high degree of excellence. Danish hydraulic engineers 

 are credited with many notable accomphshments in 

 their field. The chemical industry is small but research 

 has accomplished useful ends in certain branches such as 

 fertilizers. No research has been carried on in Den- 

 mark in the electrical communications field. 



The Carlsberg Brewery was bequeathed by its found- 

 ers to the support of scientific research and art. Amiual 

 revenue from the source devoted to science is 1,300,000 

 kroner, a substantial sum for a small country such as 

 Deimiark. 



In general, support of industrial research by the gov- 

 ernments of the Scandanavian countries has been un- 



R. Hchudd Photo 

 FlQUUB 63. — Jungfrau Institute for Scientific Research, The 

 Jungfrau, Switzerland 



important but in recent years such aid has increased 

 substantially. In Sweden, for example. State grants 

 in aid of research as a whole did not average over 40,000 

 cro\v7is annually up to 1935, but were increased to 

 500,000 cro^vns in the 1938-40 budget. In addition the 

 Swedish Aeronautical Committee received an appropri- 

 ation of 2,500,000 crowns for experimental work and 

 the erection of laboratories and other buildings. The 

 extent of cooperative effort has been one of the more 

 prominent featiu-es of research in Scandanavia. 



Research in Switzerland 



Industry in Switzerland, being almost wholly de- 

 pendent on imports for its raw materials, has been able 

 to compete in international trade by concentrating on 

 the superior quality of its products, and on certain 

 specialties. Foremost among its industries are watches, 

 dyes and pharmaceuticals, perfumes, electrochemical 

 products, certam textiles, machinery, and foods. In 

 recent years, and particularly under the strained inter- 

 national relations which have prevailed, considerable 

 efforts have been devoted to make the country less de- 

 pendent on imports of certain intermediate and finished 

 products, as for example, alloy steel for watch springs, 

 and high-temperature glass for use in X-ray tubes, 

 electronic devices, and high-energy incandescent lamps. 

 This nation has been a leader in research in the phar- 

 maceutical field and in power engineering. The rela- 

 tively high level of education and freedom from political 

 preoccupations have been important contributing fac- 

 tors in developing a high level of both fundamental and 

 applied research in Switzerland. 



Characteristic of Swiss industry are the many small 

 firms which conduct research. Most manufacturers 

 using research have their own staffs for the purpose, 

 but the watclmiakers have a central research group 

 which works on metals, alloys for watch springs, tools, 

 new materials, and new processes for watchmaking. 



Among the leading firms conducting industrial re- 

 search are : 



Society of Chemical Industry of Basle (dyes and pharma- 

 ceuticals) . 



Chemische Fabrik vormals Sandoz (dyes and pharmaceu- 

 ticals) . 



J. R. Geigy, S. A. (dyes and pharmaceuticals). 



Hoffmann-La Roche & Co. Chemical Works (pharmaceu- 

 ticals). 



Soci6t6 de Produits Chimiques, Vetilron. 



Aluminium-Industrie A. G. (aluminum). 



Brown, Boveri & Co., Ltd., of Baden (electrical machinery). 



Nestle and Anglo-Swiss Consolidated Milk Co. (chocolate). 



The Polytechnic Institute at Zurich, only postgradu- 

 ate national teclmical school in Switzerland, conducts 

 industrial research for the benefit of the nation as a 

 whole. At the polytechnical school there is also a 



