308 MENTAL FACULTIES. 



upper classes of animals are referable to the encephalon, may be more 

 diffused in their origin. In one experiment by the latter gentleman, 

 and Dr. Young, aided by Mr. Barbot, the head of the animal, for more 

 than an hour after decollation, exhibited that it possessed sensation, 

 perception, vision, passion, and voluntary motion. " It saw its ene- 

 mies; opened its mouth to bite at the proper time; and nictated when 

 a foreign body approached the eye;" and for three or four hours the 

 headless trunk, during extensive mutilations by two operators, " mani- 

 fested, in a still higher degree, sensation, intelligence, definite, well- 

 directed muscular actions. There was, as usual, a complete loss of 

 progressive or forward motion. The test used to elicit sensation and 

 voluntary movements were pinching, puncturing and burning. Its sen- 

 sibility and motions appeared to be nearly as acute, quick and varied 

 as in the unmutilated animal. The direction of the limbs was not such 

 as could be deemed habitual, as in walking and swimming. Some of 

 these motions are of difficult execution in the entire animal from its 

 anatomical conformation, such as reaching up between the shoulders or 

 hips to remove an irritant." 



In another experiment performed in the presence of Drs. Cartwright, 

 Smith, Nutt, Powell, Hire, Mr. Barbot, and Professor Forshey in which 

 decollation was practised with a dull hatchet, and, in consequence, the 

 hemorrhage was not great, although considerable Dr. Dowler carried 

 the handle of a knife towards the eye, to ascertain whether it would 

 wink; " whereupon the ferocious, separated head" sprang up from the 

 table with great force at him, passing very near his breast, which re- 

 ceived several drops of blood ; and then alighted upon the floor from 

 six to eight feet distant from its original position. It missed him be- 

 cause he was standing at the side, and not in front of the head. u For 

 about two hours," says Dr. Dowler " the headless trunk exhibited 

 such phenomena as are usually attributed to the brain, namely, sen- 

 sation, volition, and intelligential motion, as tested by the application of 

 bits of ignited paper, wounds, and the like, whereupon the usual indi- 

 cants of pain were elicited with great promptness and precision : it 

 trembled, receded, rolled over, curved, placed its limbs accurately to 

 the exact spot, and removed the offending cause. In certain places, 

 this was exceedingly difficult, as on the spine between or near the 

 shoulders or hips. It always used the limb the best adapted for the 

 purpose. If the fire was too remote, as when applied to the tail, the 

 whole body was thrown into the most favourable position for the pur- 

 pose of reaching and removing the same. If the fire was placed on 

 the table, in a position to annoy, yet without touching, the animal, as 

 if endowed with sight, reached, and always accurately, to the exact spot, 

 and either extinguished the fire, or removed it. As upon former occa- 

 sions, if the animal found that the fire was continued at the same spot, 

 and that it could not remove it, which was sometimes the case, owing 

 to continuous or repeated applications, and carefully manoeuvring, it 

 curved the body, scratched Violently, manoeuvred skilfully, and then, 

 as a last resort, rolled quite over, laterally, always from, never towards 

 the fire and operator." 



Still, the position, that in man and the upper classes of animals, 



