, 

 VIEWS OF PHRENOLOGISTS. 337 



Moreover, it by no means follows, that, in the same species, there 

 should be a correspondence between the size of the cranium and face. 

 In the European, the face may be unusually large ; and yet the mental 

 endowments may be brilliant. Leo X., Montaigne, Leibnitz, Racine, 

 Haller, Mirabeau, and Franklin, had all large features. 1 



All these methods, again, are confined to the estimation of the size 

 of the whole encephalon; whereas the brain, we have seen, is alone 

 concerned in the intellectual and moral manifestations; although Gall 

 includes the cerebellum. It has already been remarked, that no ani- 

 mal equals man in the developement of the cerebral hemispheres. In 

 the ape they are less prominent ; and below it in the scale of creation, 

 they become less and less; the middle lobes are less arched down- 

 wards; and the posterior lobes are ultimately wanting, leaving the 

 cerebellum uncovered; the convolutions are less and less numerous 

 and deep, and the brain at length is found entirely smooth. The ex- 

 periments of Rolando of Turin, and Flourens 2 of Paris, are likewise 

 confirmatory of this function of the brain proper. These gentlemen 

 experimented upon different portions of the encephalon, with the view 

 of detecting their functions ; endeavouring, as much as possible, not to 

 implicate any part except the one which was the subject of investiga- 

 tion ; and they found, that if the cerebral hemispheres were alone 

 removed, the animal was thrown into a state of stupor or lethargy; 

 was insensible to all impressions; to every appearance asleep, and 

 evidently devoid 'of all intellectual and affective faculties. On the 

 other hand, when other parts of the encephalon were mutilated the 

 cerebellum, for example leaving the cerebral hemispheres uninjured, 

 the animal was deprived of certain other faculties that of moving, for 

 instance but retained its consciousness, and the exercise of all its 

 senses. 



M. Desmoulins, 3 in his observations on the nervous system of verte- 

 brated animals, is in favour of a view, embraced by M. Magendie, 4 

 that the intellectual sphere of man and animals depends exclusively 

 on the cerebral convolutions ; and that an examination of the convolu- 

 tions will exhibit the intellectual differences, not only between different 

 species, but between individuals of the same species. According to 

 him, the cerebral convolutions are numerous in animals in proportion 

 to their intelligence; and, in animals of similar habitudes, have a 

 similar arrangement. In the same species, they differ sensibly, ac- 

 cording to the degree in which the individuals possess the qualities of 

 their nature: for example, they vary in the fetus and adult; are mani- 

 festly less numerous and smaller in the idiot ; and become effaced in 

 protracted cases of insanity. He farther remarks, that the morbid 

 conditions of the encephalon, which occasion mental aberration, are 

 especially such as act upon the convolutions; and that whilst apo- 

 plectic extravasation into the centre of the organ induces paralysis of 



1 Gall, Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau, ii. 296. 



2 Recherches Experimentales sur le Systeme Nerveux, 2de edit, Paris, 1842. 



3 Anatomie des Systernes Nerveux des Animaux a Vertebres, Paris, 1825. 



4 Precis Elementaire, edit, cit., i. 185. 



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