338 MENTAL FACULTIES. 



sensation and motion, the slightest inflammation of the arachnoid 

 membrane causes delirium. Hence, he deduces the general principle, 

 that the number and perfection of the intellectual faculties are in a 

 ratio with the extent of the cerebral surfaces. It would seem, however, 

 from some experiments by M. Baillarger, 1 that the amount of intel- 

 lectual developement in man, and in the various classes of animals, is 

 far from being proportionate to the extent of surface presented by the 

 brain of each. That of man, for instance, has, in proportion to its 

 volume, a much less extent of surface than the brains of the lower 

 mammalia; and the brain of the rabbit has, in proportion to its volume, 

 an extent of surface two and a half times greater than that presented 

 by the brain of man. 



The view of M. Desmoulins, so far as regards the sea.t of the intel- 

 lectual and moral faculties, accords with one to which attention must 

 now be directed ; and which has given rise to more philosophical in- 

 quiry, laborious investigation, and, it must be admitted, to more idle 

 enthusiasm and intolerant opposition, than any of the psychological 

 doctrines advanced in modern times : we allude to the views of M. 

 Gall. 2 These are, 1st, That the intellectual and moral faculties are 

 innate. 2dly, That their exercise or manifestation is dependent upon 

 organization. 3dly, That the encephalon is the organ of all the appe- 

 tites, feelings, and faculties ; and, 4thly, That the encephalon is com- 

 posed of as many particular organs as there are appetites, feelings, 

 and faculties, differing essentially from each other. 



The importance of Gall's propositions; the strictly physiological 

 direction they have taken the only one, as we have said, which ap- 

 pears likely to aid us in our farther acquaintance with the psychology 

 of man require that the physiological student should have them 

 placed before him as they emanated from the author. The work of 

 Gall on the functions of the encephalon comprises, however, six 

 octavo volumes, not distinguished for unusual method or clearness of 

 exposition. Fortunately, the distinguished biologist, M. Adelon, to 

 whom we have so frequently referred, has spared us the necessity of a 

 tedious and difficult analysis, by the excellent and impartial view he 

 has given in the Dictionnaire de Medecine* which has since been trans- 

 ferred to his Physiologic de VHomme; both being abridgments of the 

 Analyse d'un Qours du Dr. Gall, published by him in 1808. 



The foundation of this doctrine is, that the encephalon is not a 

 single organ, but is composed of as many nervous systems as there are 

 primary and original faculties of the mind. In the view of Gall, it is 

 a group of several organs, each of which is concerned in the produc- 

 tion of a special moral act; and, according as the encephalon of an 

 animal contains a greater or less number of organs, and of a greater 

 or less degree of developement, the animal has, in its moral sphere, a 

 greater or less number of, or more or less active, faculties. In like 



1 Revue Medicale, Mai, 1845. 

 a Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau, Paris, 1825. 



3 Art. Encephale (Physiologie), Paris, 1823, and art. Facultes de 1'Esprit et de 1'Ame, 

 &c., in Diet, de Medecine, viii. 469, Paris, 1823. 



