852 MENTAL FACULTIES. 



Gall reproaches the moralists with having multiplied too much the 

 number of primary affective faculties: in his view, the modifications of 

 a single faculty, and the combination of several, give rise to many 

 sentiments, that are apparently different. For instance, the primary 

 faculty of vanity begets coquetry, emulation, and love of glory. That 

 of self-defence gives rise to temerity, courage, a quarreling spirit, and 

 fear. Contempt is the product of a combination of the faculties of 

 pride and the moral sense, &c. 



Lastly ; as regards their psychical differences, Gall divides all 

 men into five classes. First. Those in whom all the faculties of 

 humanity predominate; and in whom, consequently, organization ren- 

 ders the developement of the mind and the practice of virtue easy. 

 Secondly. Those in whom the organs of the animal faculties predomi- 

 nate; and who, being less disposed to goodness, need the aid of educa- 

 tion and legislation. Thirdly. Those in whom all the faculties are 

 equally energetic, and who may be either worthy, or great criminals, 

 according to the direction they take. Fourthly. Those who, with the 

 rest of the faculties nearly equal, and mediocre, may have one pre- 

 dominant. Fifthly, and lastly. Those who have the faculties alike 

 mediocre: which is the most numerous class. It is rare, however, he 

 remarks, that the characters and actions of men proceed from a single 

 faculty. Most commonly, they are dependent upon the combination of 

 several; and, as the possible combinations of so many faculties are 

 almost innumerable, the psychical varieties of mankind must be ex- 

 tremely various. Again, as each of the many organs of the brain may 

 have, in different men, a particular degree of developement and activity, 

 seeing that each of the faculties, which are their products, has most 

 commonly a particular shade in every individual; as these organs can 

 establish between each other a great number of combinations; and as 

 men, independently of the differences in their cerebral organization, 

 which give rise to their dispositions, never cultivate and exert their 

 faculties in an equal and similar manner, it may be conceived, that 

 nothing ought to be more variable than the intellectual and moral cha- 

 racters of men; and we may thus explain, why there are no two men 

 alike in this respect. 



Such is a general sketch of the physiological doctrine of Gall, 

 which we may sum up in the language of the author, in his Revue 

 Sommaire, appended to his great work. "I have established, by a 

 considerable number of proofs, as well negative as positive, and by the 

 refutation of the most important objections, that the encephalon alone 

 has the immense advantages of being the organ of the mind. Farther 

 researches on the measure of the degree of intelligence of man and 

 animals have shown, that the encephala are more simple or more 

 complex, as their instincts, desires, and faculties are more simple or 

 more compound; that the different regions of the encephalon are con- 

 cerned in different categories of function; and, finally, that the ence- 

 phalon of every species of animal, and, consequently, that of man, 

 constitutes an aggregation of as many special organs, as there are essen- 

 tially different moral qualities and intellectual faculties in the man or 



