502 MUSCULAR MOTION. 



grief. In real emotion, these opposite actions cannot be combined ; 

 and, when united by the mimic, the expression is farcical and ridicu- 

 lous. 



Dr. Wollaston 1 has shown, that the same pair of eyes may appear to 

 direct themselves either to or from the spectator, by the addition of 

 other features in which the position of the face is changed. The nose 

 principally produces the change of direction, as it is more subject to 

 change of perspective than any other feature ; and Dr. Wollaston has 

 shown, that even a small portion of the nose will carry the eyes along 

 with it. He obtained four exact copies of the same pair of eyes look- 

 ing at the spectator, by transferring them upon copper from a steel 

 plate, and having added to each of two pairs of them a nose in one 

 case directed to the right, and in the other to the left, and to each of 

 the other two pairs a very small portion of the upper part of the nose 

 all the four pairs of eyes lost their front direction, and looked to the 

 right or to the left, according to the direction of the nose, or of the 

 portion of it that was added. But the effect thus produced is not 

 limited to the mere change in the direction of the eyes ; for a total dif- 

 ference of character may be given to the same eyes by a due represent- 

 ation of the other features. A lost look of devout abstraction in an 

 uplifted countenance may be exchanged for an appearance of inquisi- 

 tive archness in the leer of a younger face turned downwards and 

 obliquely towards the opposite side. This, however, as Sir David 

 Brewster has remarked, is not perhaps an exact expression of the fact. 

 The new character, which is said to be given to the eyes, is given only 

 to them in combination with the new features ; or what is probably 

 more correct, the inquisitive archness is in the other features, and the 

 eye does not belie it. Sir David adds, that Dr. Wollaston has not 

 noticed the converse of these illusions, in which a change of direction 

 is given to fixed features by a change in the direction of the eyes. 

 This effect is seen in some magic lantern sliders, where a pair of eyes 

 is made to move in the head of a figure, which invariably follows the 

 motion of the eyeballs. 



In bodily pain, the jaws are pressed together, and there is grinding 

 of the teeth ; the lips are drawn laterally, so as to expose the teeth and 

 gums ; the nostrils are distended to the utmost, and at the same time 

 drawn up ; the eyes are largely uncovered, and the eyebrows elevated ; 

 the face is turgid with blood, and the veins of the temple and forehead 

 are distended ; the breath being suspended, and the descent of the 

 blood from the head impeded. 



In anguish, conjoined with bodily suffering, the jaw falls, the tongue 

 is seen ; and, in place of the lateral retraction of the lips, the lower lip 

 falls ; the eyebrows are knit, whilst their inner extremities are ele- 

 vated ; the pupils of the eyes are in part concealed by the upper eye- 

 lids, and the nostrils are agitated. Agony of mind is here added to 

 the bodily suffering, which is particularly indicated by the change in 

 the eyebrow, and forehead. 



i Philosophical Tiati'sact. for 1824, p. 247; see, also, Letters on Natural Magic, by Sir 

 D. Brewster, Amer. edit., p. 115, New York, 1832. 



