506 MUSCULAR MOTION. 



not, however, restricted to the face, although, as already remarked, in 

 civilized man, whose nakedness is covered, we are shut out from the 

 observation of many acts of -this nature. During emotion, the skin 

 covering the body may participate with that of the face in its changes 

 from pale to red; and it may be warm or cold; dry or bathed in perspi- 

 ration; or, during particular depressing passions, may creep and exhibit 

 the rough character of the cutis anserina or goose skin. Under special 

 emotions, the erectile tissues of the organs of generation, and of the 

 nipple in the female, experience turgescence. All these changes are 

 more or less concealed from view. We are, therefore, more familiar 

 with the sight of phenomena of expression, that affect the whole body, 

 as regards its different attitudes and modes of progression. How tre- 

 mulous and vacillating is the attitude of one labouring under fear; and 

 how different the port of the meek and lowly from that of the proud 

 and haughty! In walking, we observe a similar difference; and can 

 frequently surmise the passion, whether exhilarating or depressing, 

 under which a person, at a distance, may be labouring, from the cha- 

 racter of his progression. 



" You may sometimes trace 

 A feeling in each footstep, as disclosed 



By Sallust, in his Catiline, who, chased 

 By all the demons of all passions, showed 

 Their work even by the way in which he trode." BTROJI 's "Don Juan" 



Again, on the communication of sudden tidings of joy, we feel a 

 desire to leap up, and give way to the most wild and irregular motions ; 

 whilst the shrinking within ourselves, as it were, and the involuntary 

 shudder, sufficiently mark the reception of a tale of horror. 



Properly speaking, the subject of cranioscopy belongs to the func- 

 tion of expression, but it has already been considered under another 

 head. 



Many of the partial movements constitute an important part of the 

 language of expression, especially with the savage, and with those 

 unfortunates who are debarred the advantages of spoken language. 

 In almost all nations, the motions of the head on the vertebral column 

 are used as signs of affirmation or negation; the former being indi- 

 cated by a sudden and short forward flexion of the head on the column; 

 the latter, by a rapid and short rotation on the axis or vertebra den- 

 tata. The shoulders are shrugged in testimony of impatience, con- 

 tempt, &c. The upper extremities are extensively employed as a 

 part of conventional language, and were probably used for this pur- 

 pose before speech was invented. The open and the closed hands 

 communicate different impressions to the observer ; the pointed finger 

 directs attention to the object we desire to indicate, &c. When per- 

 sons are at such a distance from each other, that the voice cannot be 

 heard, this is the only language they can have recourse to ; and the 

 various important inventions, by which we communicate our feelings to 

 a distance, such as writing and telegraphing, belong to this variety of 

 language. For the deaf and dumb, our ordinary spoken language* is 

 translated into gestures, by which a conversation can be held, sufficient 

 for all useful purposes; whilst the deaf, dumb, and blind are mainly 



