THE STYLES OF HENRY IV. AND LOUIS XIII. 



221 



220. CHATEAU OF BEAUMESNIL (1634-40). 



Again, in coigns 

 and chciines, raised 

 stone bands were 

 used alternately with 

 flush, or flush ones 

 with brick, while 

 rustication was often 

 extended to arches, 

 niches, pilasters, 

 chimneys, and dor- 

 mers. That type of 

 it in which the ver- 

 tical joints are as 

 strongly marked as 

 the horizontal, and 

 the diamond point 



type are seldom found after the early years of the century. The stones 

 forming the rustication are usually square edged, and sometimes 

 bevelled or rounded. Vermiculation, common at first, gradually became 

 rarer. The Medici Grotto in the Luxembourg gardens, often ascribed 

 to Rubens, shows one of the earliest examples of congelations, a kind 

 of rustication simulating icicles or dripping mosses, which had a great 

 vogue subsequently for similar works (see Fig. 377). Other combina- 

 tions besides these more natural ones of brick and stone are found. 

 Thus in the Cour Henri IV. at Fontainebleau stone coigns are used 

 with plastered rubble walling; on the Galerie des Cerfs (Fig. 225) and 

 the Hotel Montescot at Chartres brick is used for coigns. 



ROOFS. In the earlier period roofs lost nothing of their height or 

 steepness, or of the elaboration of their epis and crestings. The system 

 of roofing each block independently, and the frequent use of curved 

 forms, including square domes, persisted both under Henry IV. and 

 Louis XIII. In the latter's reign the so-called Mansard roof was 

 popularised in the works of Francois Mansart, though not invented by 

 him. It seems to have been in occasional use in the sixteenth century, 

 for instance in Lescot's Louvre. The system consisted in breaking the 

 slope in two, with the lower portion steep and the upper either at a 

 low pitch or almost flat, an arrangement which permitted a better 

 utilisation of the roof space, and, while giving a less picturesque outline, 

 altered the proportion of roof and wall in the total height in a manner 

 more consonant with classical practice (Fig. 235). 



WINDOWS, DORMERS. Windows under Henry IV. grew larger, but 

 still retained their mullions and transoms. Vertical lines of windows 

 connected by chaines were generally crowned by a stone or brick dormer ? 

 and dormers only half emerging from the wall line were also frequent 



