246 NAVIX ox THE HOESE. 



large, lose no time in getting hold of the bleeding end of the 

 artery with a pair of close-jawed forceps, tweezers, or pinchers, 

 and then, drawing it out a little, pass a cord around it, and 

 tie it with what is called a surgeon's knot, that is, pass the 

 one arm of the cord twice over the other before drawing the 

 first knot. 



It may be impossible to get hold of the bleeding end of the 

 artery, and then the artery may bo reached by cutting down 

 to it a short distance from the wound. When it is reached, a 

 blunt hook is passed under it, and then the cord may be 

 passed around it and tied, or an eye may be turned on the end 

 of a Avire, and then bent into a hook, the eye being armed 

 with a cord so as to pass it around the artery. 



Bleeding from veins can nearly always be stopped by using 

 the styptics before named. 



The blood from an artery is a bright, florid color, and flows 

 in jets or spurts. That from a vein is of a dark color, and 

 flows in an even stream. 



BROKEN KNEE. 



A reference to the structure of the knee will be necessary 

 before explaining this injury. The knee-joint is formed by the 

 union of no less than ten bones, viz, : the lower head or end of 

 the arm-bone, the upper row of knee-bones, (three in number), 

 arranged from side to side, the lower row of knee-bones, (also 

 three, and similarly arranged), and the heads of the three leg 

 or shank-bones. Wherever bones are united for the purpose of 

 forming a movable joint, and sustaining weight or pressure, 

 the parts of the bones which oppose each other are covered 

 with a thick, elastic (springy) substance called cartilage, and 

 this cartilage also is covered by a tough membrane, having its 

 free side of a glassy smoothness, and which lies in contact with 

 the same membrane covering the opposite bone and cartilage. 

 This membrane is a shut sack, and may be compared to the 

 skin of the e^^g, after the shell is pealed off, and supposing the 



