366 NAVIN ON THE HOESE. 



the neck known as eive-neck, in ^Yhich the neck is pulled or 

 curved down, and the muzzle extended, and the horse is called 

 a star-gazer. This is a most unsightly deformity. 



Other muscles, of some consequence in assisting to raise and 

 turn the head and neck, are the smaller complicated muscles, 

 the complexus minores, the recti, or straight, and the oblique 

 muscles, situated in the upper part of the neck. 



The principal muscles situated in the lower part of the neck, 

 are the sfcrno maxiUaries, uniting the breast-bone with the jaw 

 It is a long, not very heavy muscle, its upper part being only 

 a broad tendon. Its use is to draw the head down. 



The next is the levator humeri, or raiser of the upper arm- 

 bone. This muscle arises from the bones of the back of the 

 head, and from the bones of the neck, as far back as the 

 fourth. It passes backward and downward, and is attached, 

 or fjistened, to the shoulder-blade and the upper arm-bone, or 

 humerus. It has a double action. When the horse is stand- 

 ing still, and both muscles act, the head is drawn down; but 

 wdien in motion, it raises and carries forward the shoulder 

 and arm. 



There are other muscles of this part, but it is not necessary . 

 to describe them in this work. 



The beauty and carriage of the horse is so much dependent 

 on the shape and size of the muscles of the head and neck, 

 that they can not be too well studied. We have already con- 

 sidered the proper shape and size of the bones ; but these may 

 be ever so perfect, and yet their effect be entirely destroyed 

 by grossness and ill-shape of the muscles. The muscles of the 

 head and face should be small, and the less tat among them 

 the better. The nostrils should be large, and the motions of 

 the lips, eyes, and ears quick and nervous. This is the bony 

 head which horsemen look after, and which is the character- 

 istic of good blood. 



The neck should be long, and rise in a gentle curve from 

 the withers forward. The muscles should be deep and full at 



