INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUSES. 485 



mouth at the side, between the nippers and grinders, and when 

 the neck of the bottle is well back in the mouth, the body of 

 the bottle is raised, and its contents emptied into the back part 

 of the cavity of the mouth. The horse may refuse to swallow, 

 holding the drench in his mouth. In this case the bottle is to 

 be taken in the left hand, and the tongue grasped around its 

 body with the right hand, and drawn forward by a twisting 

 motion of the hand. This compels him to swallow. A very 

 good method of giving a drench is to have a horn, with the 

 small end cut off. This is introduced into the mouth, as a 

 funnel, and held there, and the drench turned into the large 

 end. If the horse swallows well, this is an elegant method. It 

 is free from any danger of breaking, which requires such care 

 in using the bottle. 



Injections, or Clysters. — These consist of certain articles 

 thrown into the last bowel, or rectum, to produce an action on 

 the bowels. They are very valuable in assisting j^hysic in 

 acting. They are too much neglected, and especially in severe 

 diseases, where a speedy action on the bowels is necessary. A 

 very large syringe, or one of the recent patent syringes, which 

 do not have to be removed during the operation, should be 

 used. The pipe should be oiled, and then carefully introduced, 

 so as not to frighten the horse. The fluid should be thrown 

 up the bowel about blood-warm. 



The following are good injections : Two ounces of hard or 

 yellow soap, dissolved in a gallon of warm water, the whole to 

 be used at once. A still more active one : Epsom salts, half 

 a pound, dissolved in a gallon of water ; or common salt 

 may be used instead of the epsom salts. For a still more 

 active injection, dissolve one ounce of aloes in ten quarts 

 of warm water. But this should not be used if much 

 physic has been given. Warm water alone is a good in- 

 jection. 



In cases of overpurging, or inflammation of the bowels, two 

 or three quarts of gruel, to which three or four ounces of pre- 



