NEW SOUTH WALES. 



general." As a rule all future appointments to the permanent service 

 are to be made by tbe Governor and Executive Council either at the 

 instance of the Board itself, or at the request of the political or per- 

 manent head of a department addressed to the Board, but in any case 

 only on the certificate of the Board ;'' the appointees being under 

 ordinary circumstances selected by competitive examination, and being 

 further subject to a probation of six months. The control of future 

 promotion is also vested in the Board, subject, however, to certain 

 conditions prescribed by the Act, which include {inter alia) the passing 

 of a cpialifying examination on transfer from the lower to the higher 

 grades recognised in the certain divisions.'' Public officers still con- 

 tinue to hold office at the pleasure of the Crown,^ although they 

 enjoy the pi'otection of certain provisions of the Act designed to guard 

 against arbitrary or unfair dismissal. *^ Officers appointed after the 

 passing of the Act are not entitled to any pension or allowance f 

 but are subject to an obligation of compulsory insurance, or to an 

 equivalent deduction of salary.*' Public officers are prohibited, except 

 by express permission of the Governor, from engaging in commercial 

 or professional business outside the duties of their office.' The con- 

 trol and working of the Government railways and tramways are 

 vested in the Railway Commissioners, under the provisions of the 

 Eailways Act of 1888.-' The Agent-General is the representative of 

 the Colony in the United Kingdom ; it is his duty to look after its 

 general and commercial interests in the United Kingdom and Continent 

 of Europe, and to carry out such instructions as may be given to him 

 from time to time by the Executive. 



TJw Fiscal System — Revenue — Ajjpropriation. 



The fundamental principles which underlie the fiscal system of the 

 Colony are : — (1) That no tax or impost shall be levied on the inhabi- 

 tants except with the consent of the Colonial Legislature ;'' (2) 

 That all public revenue raised within the Colony, whether by taxa- 

 tion or otherwise, belongs to the Colonial Legislature ;' and (3) That 

 no public money shall be expended except under the authority of an 

 Act of the Legislature." The main sources of the Colonial revenue 

 are : — (1) The proceeds of taxation, including customs duties, excise 

 duties, stamp duties, and licenses, to which must now be added a tax 

 on the unimproved value of land, and an income tax ;" (2) Revenue 

 derived from Crown lands, including the proceeds of sales, interest on 

 unpaid balances, and rents ; (3) Moneys received for services rendered, 

 including the revenue derived from the Government railways, tram- 

 ways, and postal and telegraph systems ; and (4) Miscellaneous 

 receipts, such as the proceeds of fines and forfeitures. The proceeds 



=» Public Service Act, 1895, sec. 21. »= Ih., sees. 28, 29. 



' lb., sees. 22 to 27 ; -fee also sees. 3.S and 34 ; and as to special and temporary appoint- 

 ments, sees. .37 and .38. 



■'/?*., sees. 40 to 48. '" 76. , sec. 58. ^ lb., sec. 49 et seq. "^ 76., sec. 59. 



•' lb., sec. 63. i lb., sec. 64. J 51 Vic, No. 35. 



•^ 18 (ieo. Ill, c. 12, as extended by policy and convention to all British Colonies; 

 see also Constitution Act, sees. 44 and 45. 



' 18, 19 Vic., c. 54, s. 2; Constitution Act, sec. 50. ™ Constitution Act, sec. 53. 



" Under the Land and Income Tax Act, r.nd the Assessment Act, 1895, this amounts 

 to Id. in the pound on the unim[)roved value of land, subject to an exemption of £240 ; 

 ■whilst the tax on incomes amounts to 6d. in the pound, subject to an exemption of £200. 



