192 NjEw south wales. 



formed ; theix' output found a ready sale witli the retail trade, leaving 

 generally, as surplus production, what were known as " dairy" or hand- 

 made butters. 



The demonstrated fallacy of hoping to establish a profitable and 

 permanent export trade with anything but a really high class product, 

 the keen competition among European and other countries for the 

 British n^arket, with the demand for a higher and more uniform stan- 

 dard of quality, and the rapid development of scientific knowledge 

 and practice as applied to dairying, have shown the need for and 

 caused the erection of a series of larger factoi'ies, equipped Avith the 

 very best and latest improved machinery and appliances, with refri- 

 geration for controlling temperatures during manufacture, or for cool, 

 storage as required. These factories have each several outposts or 

 creameries attached to them, and located in centres of farms beyond 

 the reach of the central factory. These creameries gather each some 

 hundreds, or even thousands, of gallons of milk daily, from which the 

 cream is separated and conveyed to the factory. All of these creams 

 are then there blended together, ripened, and churned daily; thus the 

 whole output of the district is of one superior and uniform quality, 

 produced at a minimum of cost, instead of, perhaps, a dozen different 

 brands, colours, and qualities, as previously. 



The former factories are now confining themselves to the simple 

 work of creameries — gathering milks and separating cream therefrom. 



There are large numbers of small creameries and private separators, 

 the cream from which cannot be sent to a local factory. 



Meeting this difficulty, we have a number of proprietary factories 

 in Sydney, ec|uipped in the latest and most approved style, to which 

 these said creams may be sent. Prominent amongst them may be 

 mentioned Messrs. Denham Bros., Messrs. Foley Bros., and the South 

 Coast and West Camden Co-operative Company. They each have 

 numerous constituents, who send their creams regularly, some indeed 

 long distances, say 200 miles by rail and over 400 miles by steamer. 

 These firms are noted butter makers, and do all the receiving, 

 handling, chilling, churning, and making, and return the cream cans 

 thoroughly cleaned for a very nominal charge, and the privilege of 

 selling the butter when made. This arrangement appears to be 

 found mutually advantageous. On very liberal and slightly differing 

 lines is managed the butter factory of the J. Ireland Company of New- 

 castle. This unites in an admirable manner the best points of a pro- 

 prietary concern, with the advantages to the producer of co-operative 

 principles. Whilst thev do everything on similar lines to the last- 

 mentioned, they have also initiated a system of export, in Avhich the 

 interests of the firm and the farmers are combined, frequently result- 

 ing at the close of the season in a substantial dividend being added 

 to the satisfactory payments already made to the latter. This firm 

 also receives cream from long distances by rail and boat, as producers 

 are eager to avail themselves of the benefits offered by this enter- 

 prising firm. 



Yet another form of co-operation may be mentioned, one distinctly 

 in advance of previous efforts, and one whereby the mutual interests 

 of tenant and landlord, or producer and capitalist, are both blended 

 and conserved. 



