WATER 



I shot. It should be noted that biscuits are very 

 useful on the march, when there is no time to have 

 a proper meal, and the most nourishing are what are 

 known as " Polar Kjeks," invented by Amundsen and 

 recommended to me by my friend, Dr. Carl Lumholtz, 

 the well-known explorer. All provisions for transport 

 on camels should be packed in wooden boxes of about 

 60 lb. in weight. Four of these make a light and 

 convenient load, on the top of which may be added 

 such articles as porters' tents, cooking-pots, etc. 



Of the utmost importance are the means adopted 

 for transporting water. In the Northern Frontier 

 District of British East Africa and in Jubaland 

 water-holes are sometimes 100 miles apart and even 

 more. A minimum of 1 20 gallons of water should be 

 carried for one European and twenty-four natives, 

 preferably 160 gallons. The best method is that 

 adopted by the officials, who are supplied by the 

 Government with a number of copper tanks, each 

 containing from 10 to 12 gallons. Two of these 

 form a light load, easily fastened to a pack-saddle 

 and of convenient shape. It is an advantage to have 

 a padlock fastened to the circular lid. In addition, 

 the men should be supplied with a canvas water-bottle 

 containing one gallon each. These are preferable to 

 and less expensive than those made of block tin, which 

 almost inevitably develop a leak after some months 

 of hard usage. It is hardly necessary to say that all 

 water should be boiled, and, if possible, filtered. 



An even better plan, when practicable, is to distil 

 it. But the shallow pans, which form the only water- 

 supply in southern Jubaland, are almost invariably 

 polluted by the urine of cattle or game who have drunk 

 there ; while weeds, slime and dung may be eliminated 



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