Dyspncea La>'yngca. Roaring. Hemiplegia Laryngca. 135 



larynx, windpipe or bronchi. 3rd, Chronic thickening of the 

 nasal mucous membrane, the result of inflammation. 4th, The 

 presence of foreign bodies in the nose, as for example balls 

 coughed up from the pharynx. 5th, Hering records a case re- 

 sulting from the closure of the posterior opening of one nasal 

 chamber by a membrane. 6th, Cancerous or melanotic deposits 

 in the lymphatic glands above and to each side of the pharynx 

 and larynx. 7th, Distension of the guttural pouches by inspis- 

 sated pus. 8th, Chronic thickening of the mucous membrane of 

 the larynx consequent on inflammation. 9th, The formation of 

 a projecting fold of the mucous membrane or of a new production 

 (false membrane) in the windpipe as the result of inflammation. 

 Such false membranes have been known to become detached at 

 their median part and remain attached at their two extremities thus 

 constituting a band stretching from one side of the windpipe to the 

 other. loth. Ulceration of the membrane of the larynx particularly 

 on the projecting folds circumscribing the glottis, i ith, Ossifi- 

 cation of the laryngeal cartilages and loss of their elasticity. 12th, 

 Distortion of the cartilages of the larynx, most commonly from 

 unduly tight reining and pulling the nose in toward the chest. 

 In such cases the cartilages of the larynx and those of the wind- 

 pipe adjoining being compressed slide within each other, and the 

 enclosed edge projecting within the air tube materially diminishes 

 its calibre. 13th, Fracture of one or more rings of the trachea. 

 This usually results from blows, as in running the neck against 

 the back of a cart or wagon. The cartilaginous rings are usually 

 broken at their median part in front and being retained together 

 by the investing elastic tissue which enables the pieces to move 

 on each other as by a hinge, and being approximated by the con- 

 traction of the trachealis muscle above, the ring is flattened from 

 side to side and the channel for the passage of air correspondingly 

 decreased. This flattening can be easilj^ felt by the hand in the 

 living horse. 14th, A peculiar congenital distortion of the 

 trachea caused by the curling in of one end of each cartilage of 

 the windpipe and the straightening out of the other. This occa- 

 sionally proceeds so far that the gullet is lodged in the interspace 

 overlapped and hidden by the free ends of the cartilages, the di- 

 ameter of the windpipe being proportionately diminished. Dis- 

 tortions and fractures are usually overlooked by veterinarians but 



