i66 Veterinaiy Medicine. 



ment like the English racer it is more distinct than in the Norman, 

 Clydesdale and other heavier breeds. Deep, broad capacious 

 chests emit a stronger sound than such as are shallow, narrow and 

 short. Exercise, fear or any excitement accelerating the respira- 

 tory act increases the sound. A full stomach , certain narcotics and 

 other depressing influences lessen it. Other things being equal 

 the sound is lower in cattle and sheep than in other domestic 

 animals. 



Horse. The ear pressed strongly upon the breast where the 

 windpipe enters detects a strong blowing sound referable to the 

 lower end of the trachea and the bronchi. In young foals a 

 respiratory murmur is heard when the stethoscope is applied in 

 front of the shoulder, the limb being meanwhile drawn backward. 

 A similar murmur may be heard, but less distinctly over the 

 shoulder blade at this age. 



Left Side. Behind the shoulder in the tipper third of the chest 

 the sound is loud and somewhat harsh, the respiratory murmur 

 being here supplemented by the noise of the air rushing through 

 the larger bronchia. From the 13th rib the respiratory sound is 

 alone heard and becomes weaker to the second last (17th). 



In the middle third the respiratory murmur is moderately clear 

 from the 4th to the 6th rib, it becomes louder and clearer to the 

 9th from which its force gradually diminishes and is lost over the 

 16th. In the lower third over the 4th, 5th, and 6th ribs the re- 

 spiratory sound is replaced by the sounds of the heart, each beat 

 being distinctly divided into two sounds, the first dull and pro- 

 longed, the second short and quick. The respiratory murmur is 

 heard over the 7th and 8th ribs, is weaker on the 9th and lost 

 over the loth. In the middle and lower thirds but especially 

 towards the posterior part of the chest, abdominal sounds are often 

 heard. They consist chiefly in gurgling or in a noise like that 

 caused by the air rushing into a bottle which has been turned 

 upon its side when full of water. Such sounds are easily dis- 

 tinguishable from those occurring in a di.sea.sed chest as they bear 

 no relation to the rythmical action of breathing. 



Right Side. In the tipper ajid middle thirds the sounds do not 

 differ from tho.se of the left side. In the lower third the respira- 

 tory sound is clear from the 4th to the 7th ribs ; from this it de- 

 creases and is lost at the loth. 



