152 



SKELETON OF THE DOG 



concave and presents two pairs of foramina. The wings are prismatic and very 

 high. Their lateral surfaces are extensive, face almost directly outward, and bear 

 an auricular surface on the lower part. The anterior surface of the body of the 

 first vertebra is extensive, depressed in its middle, and bears a prominent lip below. 

 The anterior articular processes are large and have extensive, slightly concave 



Fig. 116. — Atlas of Dog, Viewed from Above and 

 Behind. 

 a. Wing; h, dorsal arch and tubercle; c, ventral 

 tubercle; d, intervertebral foramen; e, foramen trans- 

 versarium; /, articular surface for axis. (Ellenberger- 

 Baum, Anat. d. Hundes.) 



Fig. 117. — Axis of Dog, Left Lateral View. 

 a. Odontoid process; h, articular surface for atlas; 

 <:, transverse process; d; foramen transversarium; rf', pos- 

 terior opening of d; e, spine; /, posterior articular pro- 

 cess. (EUenberger-Baum, Anat. d. Hundes.) 



facets which face upward and inward. The posterior articular processes are small. 

 The transverse processes of the last vertebra project backward and may articulate 

 or fuse with those of the first coccygeal. The sacral canal is strongly compressed 

 dorso-ventrally. 



The coccygeal vertebrae are fully developed in the anterior part of the region. 

 The arch is complete in the first six 

 usually. The first three or four have 

 well developed articular processes at 

 each end. Behind this the posterior 

 pair quickly disappears, and the an- 

 terior ones become non-articular and 

 gradually reduced in size. The trans- 

 verse processes of the first five or six 



Fig. 118. — Sixth Cervical Vertebra of Dog, Left 

 View. 

 a, Ventral plate, 6, lateral part of transverse 

 process; c, foramen transversarium; d, anterior artic- 

 ular process; /, accessory process; g, spinous process; 

 A, articular head of body. (Ellenberger-Baum, Anat. 

 d. Hundes.) 



Fig. 119. — Fourth Thoracic Vertebra of Dog, Left 

 View. 

 a. Head; h, glenoid cavity; c, facet for head of 

 rib; d, transverse process; e, facet for tubercle of rib; 

 /, mammillary process; g, posterior articular process; 

 h, spinous process. (Ellenlierger-Baum, .\nat. d. 

 Hundes.) 



are relatively large; behind this they quickly disappear. Haemal arches (or 

 chevron bones) in the form of a V or Y occur ventrally at the intercentral 

 junctions of the third, fourth, and fifth usually. They transmit the middle 

 coccygeal artery, which passes between pairs of ventral tubercles further back. 



