FACE 157 



foramen ovale is near the posterior l)or(l(n- of the temporal wing. There is no 

 sphenoidal sinus. 



The ethmoid bone is highly developed. The cribriform plate is extensive, 

 and the olfactory fossse are very deep. The crista galli is little developed, and often 

 incomplete. The perpendicular plate is long. The lateral masses are greatly 

 developed and bulge upward into the frontal sinus. There are four large endo- 

 turbinals and six ectoturbinals. The lamina papyracea is extensive and forms 

 the inner wall of the maxillary sinus. Its lower border joins the palatine process 

 of the maxilla and the horizontal part of the palate bone. A shelf-like plate extends 

 inwartl from its lower part and concurs with the similarlj^ incurved part of the 

 palate bone in forming the transverse lamina (Lamina transversalis), which divides 

 the olfactory fundus of the nasal cavity from the naso-pharyngeal meatus. 



Face 



The maxilla is short, Init very high posteriorly. The facial crest is absent. 

 The infraorbital foramen is over the alveolus for the third premolar. The frontal 

 process fits into a deep notch between the nasal and orbital parts of the frontal 

 l)one, and the middle part of the posterior border lies along the orbital margin. 

 There are more or less pronounced ridges, juga alveolaria, over the canine and 

 molar teeth. The zygomatic process is short and thin; it is completely overlapped 

 outwardly by the malar, and is perforated by a number of foramina (Foramina 

 alveolaria). A maxillary tuberosity is not present in the adult, but there is a 

 pointed projection, the pterygoid process, behind the last alveolus. The internal 

 surface bears a short turbinal crest on its anterior part, behind which it is deeply 

 concave and forms the outer wall of the maxillary sinus. The palatine process is 

 short, wide behind, and moderately arched from side to side. The anterior palatine 

 foramen is situated at or close to the transverse palatine suture about midway 

 between the median suture and the alveolar border. The palatine groove is 

 distinct. The large alveolus for the canine tooth is completed by the premaxilla. 

 The small alveolus for the first premolar is separated from the preceding one by a 

 small interval. The next two consist of anterior and posterior parts for the roots 

 of the teeth. The fourth and fifth are much larger and are divided into three 

 parts. The last is small and consists of three divisions. The infraorbital canal is 

 .short. 



The body of the premaxilla is compressed dorso-ventrally, and contains three 

 alveoli for the incisor teeth, which increase in size from first to third; it also com- 

 pletes the inner wall of the large alveolus for the canine tooth. The foramen 

 incisivum is very small except in large skulls. The interalveolar border is wide 

 and very short. The nasal process is wide at its origin and tapers to a sharp point 

 behind; the anterior part curves upward, backward, and a little inward, and forms 

 the lateral margin of the osseous nasal aperture; the posterior part extends back- 

 ward a long distance between the nasal bone and the maxilla. The palatine process 

 turns upward and outward, forming with its fellow a wide groove for the septal 

 cartilage; the posterior end is pointed and fits into a notch between the palatine 

 processes of the maxillae, and supports the end of the vomer. The palatine fissure 

 is short but wide. 



The horizontal part of the palate bones is extensive, forming about one-third 

 of the hard palate. It presents a variable number of lesser palatine foramina. 

 There is usually a pointed posterior nasal spine at the end of the median suture. 

 The palatine canal is sometimes formed entirely in this bone. The perpendicular 

 part is even more extensive. Its external surface is chiefly free and forms most of 

 the inner wall of the large pterygo-palatine fossa. The maxillary foramen is 

 situated in a deep recess between this bone and the zygomatic process of the maxilla. 

 Just above it there is commonly another foramen which opens into the nasal 



