THE SALIVARY GLANDS 347 



It j^rescnts for description two surfaces, two borders, a base, and an apex. 

 The external (or superficial) surface is covered by the parotid fascia, the panniculus, 

 and the parotido-auricularis muscle. It is crossed obliquely by the jugular vein, 

 which is embedded in the gland tissue to a varying extent. It is also related to 

 the great auricular vein, the cervical branch of the facial nerve, and branches of the 

 second cervical nerve. The internal (or deep) surface is very uneven, and has nu- 

 merous important relations. Some of these are: the guttural pouch, and the great 

 cornu of the hyoid bone; the masseter, stylo-maxillaris, tligastricus, and occipito- 

 hyoideus muscles; the tendons of the mastoido-humeralis and sterno-cephalicus 

 (which se})arate the parotitl from the underlying submaxillary gland) ; the external 

 carotid artery and some of its branches; the facial nerve; the pharyngeal 

 lymph glands. The anterior (or facial) border is closely attached to the ramus of 

 the mandible and the masseter muscle; it overlaps the latter to a varying extent. 

 (In some cases there is a well-marked triangular facial process, which covers the 

 temporo-mandibular joint, the facial nerve, and the transverse facial vessels.) 

 The posterior (or cervical) border is somewhat concave, and is loosely attached to 

 the underlying muscles. The base or ventral border is related to the external 

 maxillary vein. The apex is attached to the base of the external ear, which it 

 partially emliraces. 



The gland has a yellowash-gray color and is distinctly lobulated. It is in- 

 closed in a capsule formed by the parotid fascia. The parotid duct (Ductus paro- 

 tideus Stenonis) is formed at the lower part of the gland, near the facial edge, by 

 the union of three or four radicles. It leaves the gland about an inch (ca. 2 to 3 

 cm.) above the external maxillary vein, crosses the tendon of the sterno-cephalicus, 

 and gains the inner face of the pterygoideus internus. It then runs forward in the 

 submaxillary space below the external maxillary vein and winds around the lower 

 border of the mandible behind the vein, passes upward between the vein and the 

 masseter muscle for about two inches (ca. 5 cm.), turns forward underneath the 

 facial vessels, and perforates the cheek obliquely opposite the third upper cheek 

 tooth. Before piercing the cheek it is somewhat dilated, but its termination is 

 small, and is surrounded by a circular mucous fold (Papilla salivalis). 



Blood-supply. — Branches of the carotid and maxillary arteries. 



Nerve-supply. — Trigeminal, facial, and sympathetic nerves. 



The submaxillary gland (Glandula submaxillaris) is much smaller than the 

 parotid. It is long, narrow, and curved, the dorsal edge being concave. It 

 extends from the fossa below the wing of the atlas to the body of the hyoid bone, 

 so that it is covered partly by the jiarotid gland, partly by the lower jaw. Its 

 length is about eight to ten inches (ca. 20 to 25 cm.), its width an inch to an inch 

 and a half (ca. 2.5 to 3 cm.), and its thickness about half an inch (ca. 1 cm.). It 

 weighs about one and a half to two ounces (ca. 45 to 60 g.). It is often divisible 

 into two parts. 



It presents for description two surfaces, two borders, and two extremities. 

 The external surface is covered by the parotid gland, the stylo-maxillaris, digas- 

 tricus, and pterygoideus internus muscles. The tendon of the sterno-cephalicus 

 crosses this surface, and is a useful guide in separating the parotid gland from it. 

 The internal surface is related chiefly to the flexor muscles of the head; the gut- 

 tural pouch; the larynx; the division of the carotid artery; and the tenth, eleventh, 

 and sympathetic nerves. The superior border is concave and thin. It is related 

 to the guttural pouch and the duct of the gland. The inferior border is convex 

 and thicker. It is related to the thyroid gland and the external maxillary vein. 

 The posterior extremity is loosely attached in the fossa atlantis. The anterior 

 extremity lies at the side of the root of the tongue, and is crossed externalh' by 

 the external maxillary artery. 



