EVOLUTION AND DISSOLUTION 179 



plegia, owing to lesion of the internal capsule, there are, according to 

 the gravity of the lesion, three degrees or depths (of course the divis- 

 ion into three degrees is arbitrary). In the first degree there is some 

 paralysis of the face, arm, and leg ; in the second degree there is more 

 paralysis of these parts, and, in addition, there is a greater range of 

 paralysis ; the patient's head and eyes are turned from the side par- 

 alyzed. Here is illustrated what I call " compound order.'* The dif- 

 ference between the two degrees is not that in the second there is 

 more paralysis only, nor that there is a greater range of paralysis only, 

 but in both respects ; there is more paralysis of the parts affected in 

 the first degree and extension of range of paralysis to parts beyond 

 them. An adequate doctrine of localization has to account for such 

 increase of paralysis in compound order on increasing gravity of le- 

 sions. In the third degree of, or rather beyond, hemiplegia there is 

 universal immobility. In this degree the patient has lost conscious- 

 ness, and this loss may be said to explain why he does not move the 

 other or " second " side of his body. I hope to show later that ex- 

 planations of materialistic states by psychical states are invalid. I 

 wish here to bring evidence in support of the opinion I have long held, 

 that all parts of both sides of the body are represented in each half of 

 the brain. The view I take is simply an extension of Broadbent's 

 hypothesis, already referred to. My supposition is that the limbs of 

 the two sides are very unequally represented in each half of the brain, 

 while the bilaterally acting muscles are very nearly equally represented 

 in each half. Evidence that at least some parts of both sides of the 

 body are represented in each half of the brain is that consecutive to a 

 negative lesion of one internal capsule there is wasting of nerve-fibers 

 " descending " into both sides of the spinal cord. 



Degrees of epileptiform seizures illustrate different depths of dis- 

 solution. There are degrees of these from (to take an example) spasm 

 of the thumb and index-finger to universal convulsion.* That these 

 degrees are compound is very evident. The first stage of the fit is, 

 to speak roughly, that the arm is a little affected ; the second stage is 

 that the arm is more affected, and the face a little ; the third stage is 

 that the arm is most affected, the face much, and the leg a little. This 

 compound order of spreading, which any adequate doctrine of localiza- 

 tion has to account for, may be symbolized thus : a, then a^ +/, then 

 <^3+/2 + ^> etc. There are degrees beyond this to universal spasm; 

 these cases I submit supply further evidence that both sides of the 

 body are represented in each half of the brain. Certain experiments 

 of Franck and Pitres f bear in a most important way on the question 



* I am not speaking of epileptic attacks, which depend, I think, on discharges begin- 

 ning in parts of centers of a higher, the highest, level of evolution. A man long subject 

 to very limited epileptiform seizures may at length have seizures beginning in the same 

 way, and becoming universal, but these are not epileptic seizures, they are only more 

 severe epileptiform seizures. 



t "Archives de Physiologic," 15 Aout, 1883, No. 6. 



