LITERARY NOTICES. 



273 



their slaughter encouraged in all legal -ways. In 

 this regard we can even look upon the rat-pit as 

 serving a useful public purpose, and the rat-Inva- 

 sion theory, with reference to hogs, will receive a 

 sooner final settlement." But Mr. Bergh will surely 

 interfere here, and, when Greek meets Greek, will 

 come the tug of war. The directions for the pre- 

 vention of trichinae in swine, p. 31, are excellent, 

 although little is said about disinfection, above 

 which cleanliness, inspection, branding diseased 

 hogs, etc., are preferred. 



"Hog-cholera" occupies pages 41 to 50. This 

 chapter is short, but excellent. The cause of the 

 disease, Bacillus stds, is well tracked down, the 

 microscopical examinations well given, and the pre- 

 ventive measures thorough — dovra, in extreme 

 cases, to slaughtering the infected animals in their 

 own pens, and burning the latter, with all contami- 

 nated wooden utensils. Sheep and rabbits are sub- 

 ject to what is called "hog-cholera," and require 

 attention in places where the disease prevails. 



"Tape-worm" in hogs and cattle is treated of in 

 a short but masterly way. The Tcenia medio-ca- 

 nellata comes from beef^ which is especially danger- 

 ous when eaten raw or very rare. ToRnia solium 

 comes from pork, and aflFects those who eat raw 

 ham and underdone pork, and slightly smoked and 

 cooked sausages. This chapter should have had a 

 distinct heading, which is lacking, and may be over- 

 looked by all who do not read the book regularly 

 and carefully through. The same suggestion ap- 

 plies to the chapter on " Foot-and-Mouth Disease," 

 or contagious eczema of cattle. This infection is 

 also apt to implicate sheep, swine, goats, deer, oc- 

 casionally horses, and sometimes dogs and turkeys. 

 Cases in children in New York have occurred, ap- 

 parently from the use of contaminated milk ; and 

 the disease is cropping up in various parts of the 

 country, both far North and far "West. It has pos- 

 sibly been imported by English cattle which have 

 escaped quarantine inspection, although the spon- 

 taneous generation of a similar disease, where cattle 

 live in marshes and filth, can not well be denied. Ec- 

 zema, or salt-rheum, is the most common skin affec- 

 tion in human beings, and how much of it comes 

 from cattle is not yet determined. Bollinger says : 

 "Notwithstanding the ruling opinion to the con- 

 trary, the disease is much more common among 

 human_beings than is suspected." The suggestion 

 of Dr. Billings, that milk should be examined for 

 much more than mere dilution with more or less 

 pure water, is worthy of all consideration. This 

 suggestion receives still greater emphasis in the 

 chapter on " Tuberculosis in Cattle," pages 52 to 74, 

 which is all too short, although pregnant with in- 

 formation. The credit of first caUing attention to 

 this dire disease is given to Gerlach, to whom Dr. 

 Billings has dedicated his book. The notion that 

 pulmonary consumption may be conveyed by the 

 milk of tuberculosis in cows is not a pleasant one. 

 In the opinion of the reviewer, consumption is often 

 a foul-air disease, caused quite as much, and even 

 oftener, by inhaling foul air. as from mere exposure 

 to cold and wet. Dr. Billings says, " In Germany, 

 where the majority of the milch-cows are stall-fed, 

 and that, too, in poorly-ventilated, ill-arranged, and 

 filthy stables, this disease has acquired an extension 

 of which we can at present make no appreciation in 

 VOL. XXY. — 18 



this country," although we have an inkling of it 

 among swill-fed cows. Bollinger reproduced the 

 disease in pigs, calves, lambs, and rabbits, fed on 

 milk from tuberculous cows. Billings is undoubt- 

 edly right when he says, page 78, that " such milk 

 does contam elements of a specifically infectious 

 character, and there is no question that laws should 

 be made, and executed also, to prevent the sale of 

 such milk for human consumption, either by itself, 

 or mixed with other milk, in no matter how small 

 quantities. No such milk should be sold. The 

 specific infection of milk from tuberculous cows is 

 no trifling matter; it is one of hfe and death." 

 Consumption, scrofula, and marasmus are only too 

 common among the hundreds of thousands of ba- 

 bies that are yearly brought up on poor cow's milk. 

 However important trichiniasis may be, this £ir ex- 

 ceeds it. 



Every consumptive cow should be branded by 

 expert men. Its milk can only be given with safety 

 to swine, after being boiled ; and, although the no- 

 tion is not a nice one, the doctor thinks they should 

 be fattened and killed, as the meat is not injurious 

 when well cooked. It is to be presumed that even 

 " the eaters of hghts " will not consume the lungs 

 of such animals, and the hver and kidneys also must 

 be viewed with much suspicion. 



The Relations op Mind and Brain. By 

 Henry Calderwood, LL. D. New York : 

 Macmillan & Co. Fp. 527. 



The metaphysician Sir William Hamil- 

 ton, Professor of Logic in the University of 

 Edinburgh, got embroiled in controversy 

 with the phrenologists, and paused in his 

 career of abstract speculation to make in- 

 vestigations into brain-structure, skull-meas- 

 urement, and alleged " bumps " of faculty, 

 and all for the confutation of phrenological 

 doctrine. Another metaphysician of Edin- 

 burgh seems to have encountered a similar 

 difficulty in his prosecution of the subject 

 of mind. His main studies had been in the 

 region of mental philosophy, as pursued by 

 the old school, without especial reference 

 to its corporeal foundations in the nervous 

 structures of organized beings. But the 

 modem scientific movement set so strongly 

 in the direction of physiological inquiries,, 

 or the extension of cerebral psychology, that 

 Dr. Calderwood found it necessary to pause,, 

 as his great predecessor had done before, 

 and give attention to the new questions that 

 have arisen from the study of the organic 

 side of the subject. 



Dr. Calderwood is unquestionably well 

 imbued with the spirit of the scientific meth- 

 od, as is shown both by his recognition of 

 the necessity for the systematic study of 

 bodily conditions to any one who would ar- 



