732 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 



ent type ; the whole brain only weighed sixteen ounces. The internal 

 organs in man, although not subject to great variations, still are some- 

 times found abnormal. The liver may be divided into a number of 

 lobes, as is seen in the gorilla. This is called a degraded liver. The 

 spleen is often deeply notched and multiple, as in the case in some of 

 the lower animals, and the uterus is occasionally double ; an arrange- 

 ment which is the normal one in the mare, raccoon, rabbit, and other 

 animals. It is double in the human foetus up to the fourth month, and 

 frequently a trace of this bifid condition is seen in adult life. 



I could multiply, ad infinitum^ the varietions in human anatomy 

 which have their corresponding normal condition in the lower animals, 

 but I think I have described a sufficient number of examples to show 

 how common these animal resemblances are in man. On what theory 

 can we account for their existence, except that they are reversions to 

 some pre-existing and lower type ? This is the only logical conclusion 

 to which the study of morphology leads us, and " to take any other 

 view," says Darwin, "is to admit that our own structure and that 

 of all the animals around us is a mere snare laid to entrap our judg- 

 ment." 



MEASUEEMEKT OF CHAEACTEE. 



Bt feancis galton. 



I DO not plead guilty to taking a shallow view of human nature, 

 when I propose to apply, as it were, a foot-rule to its heights and 

 depths. The powers of man are finite, and if finite they are not too 

 large for measurement. Those persons may justly be accused of 

 shallowness of view who do not discriminate a wide range of differ- 

 ences, but quickly lose all sense of proportion, and rave about infinite 

 heights and unfathomable depths, and use such like expressions, which 

 are not true and betray their incapacity. Examiners are not, I be- 

 lieve, much stricken with the sense of awe and infinitude when they 

 apply their foot-rules to the intellectual performances of the candi- 

 dates whom they examine ; neither do I see any reason why we should 

 be awed at the thought of examining our fellow-creatures as best we 

 may in respect to other faculties than intellect. On the contrary, I 

 think it anomalous that the art of measuring intellectual faculties 

 should have become highly developed, while that of dealing with 

 other qualities should have been little practiced or even considered. 



The use of measuring man in his entirety is to be justified by 

 exactly the same arguments as those by which any special examina- 

 tions are justified, such as those in classics or mathematics ; namely, 

 that every measurement tests, in some particulars, the adequacy of the 

 previous education, and contributes to show the efficiency of the man 



