2 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 



an extensive series of low hills, composed entirely of loose 

 sand, such as are seen in the vicinity of Abilene. 



In the extreme northern part of the state, the country-rock 

 is overlain by the glacial drift of the Kansan ice sheet. At 

 the points where the contact crosses the Kansas-Nebraska 

 line, the original topography and geology are obscured by 

 drift, 60 to 100 feet in thickness, as observed from well bor- 

 ings. 



GENERAL SECTION. 



Pleistocene. — Glacial drift of Kansas sheet and loess ( ?) ter- 

 races. 



Cretaceous. — Dakota formation, sandstones and clays. 



Permian. — Limestones and shales. 



Permian. — No attempt was made to distinguish between the 

 formations of the Permian, but it was necessary to note such 

 local aspects as would help in determining the contact line. 

 There is everywhere an unconformity of considerable relief 

 between the Permian and Cretaceous systems; which repre- 

 sents in time the Upper Permian, Triassic, Jurassic and Co- 

 manche Cretaceous. 



The rehef of this unconformity amounts, in places, to nearly 

 100 feet in the distance of a quarter of a mile. In one place 

 (two miles northeast of Emmons, Washington county) there 

 is a Permian monadnock which has patches of Dakota lying 

 here and there on its sides, owing to erosion since Dakota 

 times. This results in exposures of Permian above the level 

 of the surrounding Dakota, Similar conditions on a smaller 

 scale are found elsewhere. 



Owing to this unconformity, the section of the Permian dif- 

 fers in places, the Permian having been eroded before the 

 deposition of the Dakota to a lower horizon in some places 

 than in others. The result of this is that the Permian is rep- 

 resented at the contact by different horizons, none of which are 

 present over very large areas. At most places a series of thin- 

 bedded limestones and shales was present at the contact, but 

 in others a very porous limestone, evenly bedded red and 

 yellow shales, or blue clay shales, represent the horizon of the 

 Permian present at the contact. Over the whole area the Per- 

 mian beds appear to be very evenly stratified. 



The following section, taken from a cut on the Burlington 

 railroad about two miles northwest of Hanover, Washington 



