﻿OOXHALAin). 



GRAAF RBTMET. 



•xtiaotion of the direct line in I82S mme to the Duke of S«ze- 

 Cobuif. Outhit in Mtiwtad at an elovation of about 756 feet above 

 til* aea, near the Leine, • feeder of the Neaw, in 50' 67' X. lat, 

 10* 42* E. long^ and haa about 15,000 inhabitant*. It ia a itation on 

 the Thuringian railway, by which it ia 8 mile* W. from Erfurt and 

 E. from Eiaeoaeh. It ia a handsome town, and ainoe the ramparta 

 hare been taken down and laid out in public walks, preaonta an open 

 cheerful appearance. Ita form ia a long irregular quadrilateral ; it 

 haa 4 gate.«ntranoea, 5 public aquares, and 16 principal atreeta. The 

 ■trrets are well paved and lighted. 



The principal public buildlnga are the ducal palace of Friedenstein, 

 which standa on the summit of a high bill, and ia surrounded by a 

 terrace, gardens, and pleasur»grounds. It contains a library of 

 160,000 volumes and 5000 manuacripta, among which are 14 folio 

 Tolumes of St. Bemard'a Correspondence, and 500 Arabic manuscripts. 

 In the palace are also one of the most celebrated collections of coins 

 in Europe, comprising 10,000 ancient and 52,000 modem coins; a 

 library of woi^ on Numismatics of 6000 volumes ; an Oriental 

 museum ; a gallery of above 1500 paintings ; collections of antiqui- 

 tia*, the Bna arta, natural history, Ac. The other buildings of note 

 are — the arw^l, the old and new town-hall, house of assembly of the 

 States, and seven churches (the principal of which are St. Margaret's, 

 with the ducal vaults, and the church of the Orphan Asylum), all of 

 which belong to the Lutherans. The Gymnasium, founded in 1524, 

 is one of the best in Germany. Qotha haa a training school for 

 teaofaera, variotu other schools, and several charitable institutions. 

 The ' Almanac de Gotha' has been published here annually since 1774. 

 The manufactures comprise muslins and cottons, porcelain, paper, 

 cluth, linen, thread, yam, camleta, tobacco, beer, sausagee, musical 

 and surgical instmmenta, toys, pewter and japan goods, furniture, 

 gunpowder, saddlery, &c The lat^ gpographical establishment of 

 Justus Perthes employs several hundred designers, engravers, printers, 

 and colourer* of maps, which have a vast circulation. Near the town 

 ia the observatory of Seebeig. 

 OOTHALAKD. [SWEDK.V.] 

 OOTHAKD, ST. [ALra.] 



OOTHKNBUKU (Uottenburg, in Swedish Ooteburg), a town in 

 Sweden, is situated on the river Oota, about 5 miles from the 

 Cattegat, and has abont 30,000 inhabitants. Opposite the town the 

 river widens to nearly one mile and forms an excellent harbour. 

 The town, which is built on the southern banks of the harbour, is 

 traversed by numerous canals, which are supplied with water by a 

 small river called the Liindal ; these canals are crossed by 21 bridges. 

 The hoosM ara mostly built of stone or bricks well stuccoed. The 

 street* are regular, and intersect one another at right angles ; they 

 are well-paved, bat without foot-pavementa. The canals running 

 through tnem being planted with trees, give to Gothenburg a great 

 similarity to many of the towns in the NetherUnds. The town has 

 few interesting buildings, and is far fiom being picturesque, but from 

 the rocky hills in the neighbourhood many lovely views may be 

 obtained. Among the moat important structures in the town aro the 

 new exchange, the cathedral, the Swedish churoh, the arsenal, the 

 town-ball, the theatre, ft& The town is in a very thriving state. Its 

 commerce is extensive. Its exports consist chiefly of iron and steel, 

 deals, tar, pitch, copper, bark, Ac The imports comprise colonial 

 produce, salt, wine, rioe, fish, &c. Many vessels ara buut here. The 

 manufactures are numerous, and the town is the most important 

 trading place after Stockholm in all Sweden. Among its industrial 

 products are plain and printed cottons, woollen-cloth, sail-cloth, 

 tobacco, r«fin«d sugar, snutT, glass, paper, porter, leather, &a. 

 Oothaobutg ia the seat of the governor of Gutbeborg-Liin, and of a 

 bishop. It has a college and public library, public baths, a society 

 of arts, two free schools, two orjiban asylums, a chamber of commerce, 

 and several other useful ipstitutions. The harbour is defended by 

 three forta, and haa about 17 feet water. Steamers ply by the Gota 

 River and the line of the Oota Canal to Stockholm. [Swkdeh.] In 

 1849 there arrived from foreign porta 1018 vessels; the departures for 

 foreign ports numbered 1011 : this is exclusive of steamers, of which 

 the Dumber that entered and cleared out waa 88. In the coasting trade 

 thars were 718 arrivals and 1462 departures. The population of 

 the town at the commencement of this century waa only about 

 14,000. 



GOTHLAND (GottUnd), an iaUnd in the Baltic, extemU 

 between 66* 65' and 68' V. lat, 18* 10' and 19° 10' E. long. Its 

 y sa t ss t length from north to south is about 80 miles, from east 

 to wast about 33 miles. The aouthera part of the isUud is a 

 peninsula about 10 mile* in length, connected with the northern part 

 ly a narrow isthmus a little more than a mile aoroaa, Gothland, with 

 the adjacent inji-tx of Kan>, Gottaka Sandii, and a few others, forms 

 the litto of Wiaby, the total area of which is 1211 square milea, with 

 a population of 4.1.268 in 1845. 



The island of Gothland is of limestone formation ; the surface riaea 

 Crom 80 to 160 feet above the aea; the coasts are indented by 

 numerous baya 



The sorliu* of this island is hilly, and mostly covered with wood : 

 in a few places swsmps occur, but they are nut of great extent 

 The ooeata are generally low. The climate is comparatively reiy 

 the walnut, mulberry, and grape ripen in the open air 



in favourable situations. The principal articles of exportation are 

 timber, wood, sandstone, marble, and lime. Many districts of the 

 island are fertile and well cultivated; rye, barley, and hoxw are 

 thrown. Its horses and black cattle are of small aixe, but its sheep 

 have lately been much improved. The roads throughout the inland 

 are good, and the farmhouses well built Game is abundant Tli'io 

 are ruins of above 100 churches on the island, dating from the 1 Itb 

 and 12th centuries. The island of Gothland ia separated from Faro 

 by Faro-Sund, which is hardly two miles wide. 



Wiibg, the capital, and the a<?at of a bishop, is situated on the 

 western coast, and contains about 4000 inhabitauta. It is an ancient 

 place ; but the date of its foundation is unknown. In the lOth and 

 1 1th ceaturiea it was a great trading city ; and to judge by the 

 Anglo-Saxon, Arabic, Persian, and othek- coins found here, it must at 

 one time have been a famous centre of commerce. The town never 

 recovered its prosperity after its capture and plunder by Valdemar 

 III. of Denmark in 1361. In the middle ages it was the centre of an 

 extensive trade with all the countries round the Baltic Sea, and the 

 commercial usages established by its merchants (known under the 

 name of the Ordinances of Wisby) were long in force in all the 

 northern countriea. The town during this period was very con- 

 siderable, and there still exist niina of large buildings in its neighbour- 

 hood. There are no less thnn 1 8 ruined churches ; the feudal walls and 

 towers of the town still exist entire as they stood in the I3th century. 

 St Mary's churoh, the only one now kept up for the use of the 

 inhabitants, is a gothic structure dating from A.D. 1190. There ore 

 the ruins of a castle also, and of several conventsi These ruins, and 

 many of the houses of the town, which were constructed by the 

 wealthy merchants of Wisby in times long gone by, are highly 

 interesting to the lover of gothic architecture. Steamers ply regu- 

 larly between Wisby and Westervik on the coast of Sweden, and also 

 to Stockholm. The commerce of the present town is confined to the 

 produce of its forests and quarries, and to the exportation of rye, but 

 it is rather active and thriving. It has a good grammar-school. 



GOTTIXOEN, a town in Hanover, is situated in a broad and 

 fertile valley interspersed with gentle eminences, at the foot of the 

 Hainberg, a naked mountain, in 51° 81' N. lat, 9° 56' E. Ion;., at a 

 distance of 60 miles S. from Hanover, to which a railway in part 

 completed is being made through Qottingen to CasseL It is built on 

 both sides of the New Leine, an artifical arm of the Leine; at an 

 elevation of about 470 feet above the level of the sea, and has about 

 11,000 inhabitants. The name of Gdttingen first occurs in a record 

 of the times of the emperor Otho I. About the year 1360, it 

 became a member of the Hanseatic league ; but it owes its modem 

 celebrity to the university instituted by Geoi^ II., king uf England 

 and elector of Hanover, in the year 1734. The town is surrounded 

 by ramparts, which have been laid out in agreeable planta- 

 tions and avenues of lime-trees. It is divided into the Old 

 Town, New Town, and the quarter of Masch ; has four gates, and 

 some inconsiderable suburbs. It is in general well-built, and the 

 streets are mostly brood, straight, and paved with basalt. There are 

 three squares or open spaoes, the chief of which are the market-place 

 with a fountain and basin, and a handsome esplanade. There are 

 three Lutheran churches, a Calvinist church, and a Roman Catholic 

 chapeL The other edifices of note are the guildhall, hospital, obser- 

 vatory, and the university buildings. 



The university, entitled the 'Georgia Augusta,' was opened in 

 1737. The number of students between 1322 and 1826 averaged 

 1481 annually; betweeu 1831 and 1837 the average f<;ll to 868, and 

 the dismissal of some of its ablest professors by the King of Hanover 

 for political reasons, reduced the number still lower. In 1 845 the 

 students numbered only 633 ; in 1850 the numl^r rose to 715. It 

 has four faculties : protestant theology, law, medicine, and philosophy. 

 The library contains upwards of 400,000 volumes, and 3300 manu- 

 scripts. Connected with the university are a museum containing 

 valuable collections of ]>aintings, models, instruments, coins, &a ; an 

 observatory, lying-in-hospital, chemical laboratory, and a botanic 

 garden. A new hall was finished in 1 837. Ocittingen has also a royal 

 society of sciences, a protestant gymuasium attended by above 200 

 pupils, several printing establishments, a female high-school, a house 

 of correction, &c The university is the main sup|iort of the town : 

 but it haa also considerable manufactures of woollens, leather, soap, 

 and candles, musical and scientific instruments, stockings, &c The 

 linen trade is also extensive. Tobacco, sausages, books, and tobacco- 

 pipes are important articles of trade. Under the French empire 

 Gdttingen waa the capital uf the department of the Leine. 



GOTTORP. [.ScHi-Eswio.] 



OOUDA. [Holland.] 



GOV AN. fLANABKSUIllE.] 



GOVAZ. [BuAZiuJ 



GOZZO ISLANDS. [Malta.] 



GRAAF or GRAAFF REYNET, the chief town of the district of 

 Graaf Raynot, Cape of Good Hope, is situated on the Sunday River, 

 in 32' 6' S. lat, 24° 57' E. long., distant about 140 miles N.N.VV. from 

 Port Elizabeth, and 120 miles N.W. from Graham's Town. The town 

 stands at the foot of the Great Snoeuw Bei-gen, or Snuw Mountain. 

 In the month of Februai-y 1854 considerable excitement was caused 

 in the town and district of Graaf Ueynct by the report that gold had 



